大气质量影响分析(六)

这些实例都经过压缩,不像一般大气质量分析报告描述得那么详尽。另外,两个实例都发生在同一地区。 表23给出了本章叙述的结构。公路的例子,把所有的项目都做了介绍。发电厂的例子,重复的细节(例如气象,现有大气质量)未做介绍,可参考公路的例子。 注明数据和资料的来源,对确立这个报告的可信程度是很重要的,并对评论者、使用者和这个文件以后的闸述负责到底。在这两个例子中,在需要注明文献来源的地方,均以方括号标明。     

1982年数学地质概况

<正> 许多地质数据组都是由较少的几个端元组分混合而成的,一般的解释手段是把一组数据分解成不同的组分。例如,古生物学家把化石必须分成几个环境族,岩石学家必须区分组成熔岩流系列的母岩浆,沉积学家一定要判明采集区沉积物样品中重矿物的不同源区。在纯的端元组分采集不到时,当然需要一种特殊     

酸性矿井水沉淀污泥中锰及其他金属的化学稳定性

(美国)联邦法规1985年a和b对矿井水排放标准做了具体的规定,见表1。为满足排放要求,必须依法对酸性矿井水进行处理。这主要涉及到以下三大步骤:(一)向酸性矿井水加碱性物质,通常有CaO、Ca(OH)_2或NaOH;(二)自然曝气或机械曝气;(三)沉淀。当酸性矿井水PH值调到7或8时,且有足够的沉淀时间,绝大多数矿井水     

危险品废物的焚烧、排放和处理

<正> 在陆地上和海上,对危险品废物,特别是有机液体和污水采用焚烧法处理已日益成为优先选用的方案.但是自1981年美国颁布危险品废物焚烧规定以来,在现有的200个焚烧装置中,只有24个装置被正式批准允许排放,其中大部分是现场焚烧装置.焚烧法得不到推广,除了费用问题是一个因素外,更主要的是人们担心危险品的焚烧通过烟囱排放,会危及人们的健康和生态系统.如果广大公众对焚烧排放技术能有充分的认识,那么,这种担心就会随之消除.一、废物性质废物能否进行焚烧处理,其性质是一个重要因素.废物的性质对焚烧炉和排放气处理系统的设计和操作有很大影响.废物燃烧的关键参数如表1.     

蛤壳与生态毒理学——海洋中 Ca~(41)的调节作用

<正> 法国物理学家J.Joly(1899年)根据大河每年带入海洋的钠总量,计算了海洋的年龄大约为90Ma。这在当时是了不起的成就,因为那时对大河河水的化学组成与排泄量的了解还很粗浅。大约30年后,V.M.Goldschmidt应用大量的数据证明,海水中大量的离子,如     

First observation of different diffusion coefficients for two conformers in a neat liquid

 Self-diffusion coefficients were studied for the highly polar liquid N-methylformamide at pressures up to 200 MPa between the melting pressure curves and 420 K by the spin-echo method. N-Methylformamide exists as a mixture of two conformers in the neat liquid. These conformers have large differences at lower temperatures in their dynamic and structural properties. The self-diffusion coefficient of the cis-conformer being 17% lower than that of the trans-conformer at the same T and p. This is the first observation of such an effect. The experimental study is supported by Monte Carlo (MC) calculations which show that the first neighbors around a cis conformer are arranged differently than in an all trans liquid. The difference leads in the simulations to a much lower dielectric constant for the trans-cis mixture and might also explain the retardation of diffusion for the cis conformer. Received: 15 November 1999 / Accepted in revised form: 28 February 2000     

Removal of heavy metals (Cr6+,Ni2+)from polluted water using decaying leaves of plane (Plantanus orientalis)

plane decaying leaves have been found capable of removing chromium and nickel ions from aqueous solutions. The removal efficiency depends upon the pH conditions, ions components and concentrations, and concentrations of leaves in media. The maximum removal for unique Cr⁶⁺ is about 7.5-8.0g/kg leaves at pH 4. 0, for unique Ni²⁺ about 2. 6g/kg at the region of PH5. 0-5.5. Under the described conditions nickel increases chromium uptake by plane decaying leaves from solution.     

Competition of the active roots of Cassia siamea Lam. and Zea mays L.(cv.Katumani Composite B) in an alley cropping trial in semi arid Kenya

A study on root competition in alley cropping was carried out in an agroforestry system, involving Cassia siamea Lam. and maize ( Zea mays L. cv. Katumani composite B). The existence and intensity of root competition in the top soil as manifested by the distribution of the active roots of cassia and maize, in space and time, was assessed. The root length density of maize was far greater than that of cassia in the upper 10 cm, implying that cassia was not competing with maize for water and/or nutrients at that depth. However, at maize crop tasselling and grain filling stages there was a marked overlap of roots of the two plants at lower depths (20—50 cm). This varied with distance from the cassia hedge in a way that there was a tendency for highest overlap near middle maize rows. This partly explained observed yield differences. Therefore cassia may not be a suitable choice for alley cropping with maize under semi-arid conditions on non-sloping land, unless most of its active roots can be properly managed to absorb resources below the feeding rhizosphere of the active maize roots.     

Pheromone communication and the mushroom body of the ant, Camponotus obscuripes (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Communication by means of pheromones plays predominant roles in colony integration by social insects. However, almost nothing is known about pheromone processing in the brains of social insects. In this study, we successfully applied intracellular recording and staining techniques to anatomically and physiologically characterize brain neurons of the ant Camponotus obscuripes. We identified 42 protocerebral neurons that responded to undecane and/or formic acid, components of alarm pheromones that evoke attraction or evasive behavior, respectively. Notably, 30 (71%) of these neurons were efferent (output) or feedback neurons of the mushroom body, and many of these exhibited different responses to formic acid and undecane. Eight of the remaining 12 neurons had arborizations in the lateral and/or medial protocerebrum, which receive terminations of efferent neurons of the mushroom body and from which premotor descending neurons originate. The remaining four neurons were bilateral neurons that connect lateral accessory lobes or dorsal protocerebrums of both hemispheres. We suggest that the mushroom body of the ant participates in the processing of alarm pheromones. Seventeen (40%) of 42 neurons exhibited responses to nonpheromonal odors, indicating that the pheromonal and nonpheromonal signals are not fully segregated when they are processed in the protocerebrum. This may be related to modulatory functions of alarm pheromones, i.e., they change alertness of the ant and change responses to a variety of sensory stimuli.     

Impairment of male reproduction in adult rats exposed to hydroxyprogesterone caproate in utero

Hydroxyprogesterone caproate is one of the most effective and widely used drugs for the treatment of uterine bleeding and threatened miscarriage in women. Hydroxyprogesterone caproate was administered to pregnant rats in order to assess the effect of intraperitoneal exposure to supranormal levels of hydroxyprogesterone caproate on the male reproductive potential in the first generation. The cauda epididymal sperm count and motility decreased significantly in rats exposed to hydroxyprogesterone caproate during embryonic development, when compared with control rats. The levels of serum testosterone decreased with an increase in follicle stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone in adult rats exposed to hydroxyprogesterone caproate during the embryonic stage. It was suggested that the impairment of male reproductive performance could be mediated through the inhibition of testosterone production.