用于农业生态系统分析的天气风险函数

一、导言天气对于农业生产的重要性自古以来就被人类所认识。随着科学技术的进步,人类在一定程度上改变了“靠天吃饭”的被动状况,但这并不意味着天气在农业生产上的重要性降低了。恰恰相反,这更促使人类去深入地研究天气规律,去大力地发展地球物理科学和气象科学。系统科学是以现代电子计算机的诞生和成长为标志的信息时代的科学,它正渗透和横贯各个科学领域。就一般系统论的观点来     

积极准备迎接一九八五年“世界环境日”

为提高全民族的环境意识,普及环境教育,中国将于1985年“世界环境日”进行一次全民族的环境普及教育,由建设部环保局、中国环境科学学会、中国环境科学出版社、中国环境报社的负责     

花岗岩的分馏结晶作用及其锡矿床的成因

一、前言 世界上的原生锡矿床大部分是产在浅带或中带侵入花岗岩类之中或其附近,只是在比较特殊的地区,次火山酸性侵入岩和熔岩才可能是锡矿化的重要围岩(例如玻利维亚和其它地区),绝大部分矿床都局限于古生     

测量镜质组和沉积物中分散镜质组最大反射率的新技术

<正> 镜质组的反射率对于确定煤的级别或沉积物中分散有机质的热成熟度来说是一个重要的参数。反射率测量是记录反射光对于入射光的比值。煤岩工作者通常使用的测量反射率的方法主要有三种:(1)最大反射率,(2)平均反射率,(3)任意反射率。最大反射率是在偏光下,在一个镜质组的磨光面上用旋转载物台360°的办法测量的,记录其最大读数即为 Rmax。平均反射率是在非偏     

北海斯卡格拉克东部碳酸盐沉积物的破坏性成岩作用

<正> 岩石学的饱和度测量在浅海水里,碳酸盐沉积物的溶解作用是一个有争议而且了解很少的作用,这一现象最近已经在北海斯卡格拉克地区发现(Alexanderson,1957,1976)。沿瑞典海岸的海岸群岛,研究了0—40米深度的滨外钙质砂的溶解作用和100—150米深度的近     

Caudal fin allometry in the white shark Carcharodon carcharias: implications for locomotory performance and ecology

Allometric scaling analysis was employed to investigate the consequences of size evolution on hydrodynamic performance and ecology in the white shark Carcharodon carcharias. Discriminant analysis using the power equation y=ax^b was negative for caudal fin span (S) versus fork length (FL) in C. carcharias. In contrast in two delphinid species, Delphinus capensis and Tursiops aduncus, the span of the flukes versus fork length rises in positive allometric fashion, and strong positive allometry of S versus A (area) was also recorded. The latter reflects a high lift/drag ratio. S versus A in C. carcharias displays negative allometry and consequently a lower lift/drag ratio. A lower aspect ratio (AR) caudal fin in C. carcharias compared to that of the delphinids (mean 3.33 and 4.1, respectively) and other thunniform swimmers provides the potential for better maneuverability and acceleration. The liver in sharks is frequently associated with a buoyancy function and was found to be positively allometric in C. carcharias. The overall findings suggest that the negatively allometric caudal fin morphometrics in C. carcharias are unlikely to have deleterious evolutionary fitness consequences for predation. On the contrary, when considered in the context of positive liver allometry in C. carcharias it is hereby suggested that buoyancy may play a dominant role in larger white sharks in permitting slow swimming while minimizing energy demands needed to prevent sinking. In contrast hydrodynamic lift is considered more important in smaller white sharks. Larger caudal fin spans and higher lift/drag ratio in smaller C. carcharias indicate greater potential for prolonged, intermediate swimming speeds and for feeding predominantly on fast-moving fish, in contrast to slow-swimming search patterns of larger individuals for predominantly large mammalian prey. Such data may provide some answers to the lifestyle and widespread habitat capabilities of this still largely mysterious animal.An erratum to this article can be found at     

Impact of water quality on the stress physiology of cultured Labeo rohita (Hamilton-Buchanan)

Investigation was conducted for 12 months in two water bodies, S1 with optimum water quality and S2 receiving sewage water. The water quality parameters were assessed in relation to the impact on the stress sensitive physiological parameters of fish Labeo rohita. While optimum levels of transparency, dissolved oxygen, unionised ammonia, alkalinity and hardness in S1 reflected in minimum variation of the physiological parameters of L. rohita but suboptimal levels of DO (nil-18.0 mg/l) and CO2 (nil-16.0 mg/l) observed diurnally and unionised ammonia (0.11-0.42 mg/l) found throughout the experimental period, resulted in significant variation in plasma cortisol (90.0-377.0 ng/ml), cholesterol (89.6-285.0 mg/dl) and condition factor (0.7-1.3) in L. rohita. The results are of significance for fish aquatic habitat management.     

The implosion of the Calgary General Hospital: ambient air quality issues

This paper discusses the implosion of a large inner-city hospital in Calgary, Alberta, Canada, on October 4, 1998. Stationary and mobile air monitoring conducted after the implosion indicated there were several short-term air quality issues, including significant temporal increases in total suspended particles, particulate matter (PM) with aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 10 microm (PM10), PM with aerodynamic diameter less than or equal to 2.5 microm (PM2.5), asbestos, and airborne and settled lead. In addition, the implosion created a dust cloud that traveled much further than expected, out to 20 km. The ability of an implosion to effectively aerosolize building materials requires the removal of all friable and nonfriable forms of asbestos and all Pb-containing painted surfaces during pre-implosion preparatory work. Public advisories to mitigate personal exposure and indoor migration of the implosion dust cloud constituents should extend to 10 or 20 km around an implosion site. These findings point to a number of complex and problematic issues regarding implosions and safeguarding human health and suggest that implosions in metropolitan areas should be prohibited. Further work to characterize the public health risks of conventional versus implosion demolition is recommended.     

Determination of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAIDs) residues in water samples

Pharmacologically active substances used to treat human and animal illnesses can enter the aquatic environment via effluents from wastewater treatment plants or in the case of veterinary drugs directly through liquid manure discharge. Some of these substances enter the environment either as the parent compound or as active/inactive metabolites. Due to their pharmacological activity, their determination and understanding their behavior and fate in the environment are important. The scope of this paper was to develop an analytical procedure to determine common pharmaceutical residues in wastewaters. Pharmacologically active substances were chosen according to their wide spread application in Slovenia and Central Europe and are members of analgesics, e.g., non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen and diclofenac. Selected compounds were isolated from synthetic water using a novel SPE sorbent Strata X. Due to the non-volatile nature of these compounds they were first silylised prior to gas chromatographic-mass spectrometric detection. The developed procedure was tested with synthetic wastewaters and their extraction efficiency (>84%) and method limits of detection (2-6 ng L(-1)) were determined. Our procedure has been adopted and optimised for "real" water samples and applied to eleven drinking and ten river water samples from Slovenia. The results showed no traces of NSAIDs in all potable water samples and low-range contamination (ng L(-1)) of Slovene rivers. These results show that NSAIDs contamination of Slovene waters is comparable with published results of water contamination in Central Europe.     

Air pollution and young children's inhalation exposure to organophosphorus pesticide in an agricultural community in Japan

Assessment of airborne organophosphorus pesticides in houses of young children (1-6 years old) and childcare facilities was conducted following pesticide applications in an agricultural community in Japan. Trichlorfon and fenitrothion, applied in two separate periods, were frequently detected from outdoor and indoor air. Dichlorvos, the primary degradation product of trichlorfon, was also detected after the application of trichlorfon. Both the outdoors and indoor concentration of applied pesticide were shown to increase with decreasing distance from the pesticide-applied farm. Indoor concentration of these pesticides significantly correlated with outdoor concentration (p=0.001 for trichlorfon and p=0.001 for fenitrothion), indicating infiltration of applied pesticide inside. Ratio of indoor to outdoor concentration (I/O ratio) of fenitrothion was higher for houses with windows open during the application than those with closed windows (median value: 0.74 vs. 0.16, p=0.003). However, a similar trend was not observed for trichlorfon as well as dichlorvos in the first period. Dichlorvos was found to have a higher I/O ratio than trichlorfon during the period, and clear correlation between indoor concentrations of dichlorvos and those of trichlorfon suggested increased decomposition of trichlorfon in the indoor environment. Daily inhalation exposure estimated by using the fixed measurement data and time-activity questionnaire ranged from 0 to 35 ng/kg/day for trichlorfon, from 0 to 26 ng/kg/day for dichlorvos, and from 0 to 44 ng/kg/day for fenitrothion. Median inhalation exposure from indoor air accounted for 74%, 86.3%, and 45% of the daily inhalation exposure, respectively. For kindergarteners or nursery school children, inhalation exposure at childcare facilities was comparable with or more than that at home, indicating that pollution level at childcare facilities had potential of high impact on children's exposure. Estimated daily inhalation exposures were inversely correlated to the proximity of their activity location to the pesticide-applied farm.