用石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定海水中的锡及三取代有机锡化合物

业已建立了一种基于采用可放大信号的介质的石墨炉原子分光光度法的分析方法,来测定海水中的无机锡和两种三取代有机衍生物.采用捕集于石墨化碳黑上的富集法(富集因子高达8×10~4)和在小硅胶交换柱上的分离法,可分别测定2×10~(-12)和2.8×10~(-12)mol/L的三苯基锡和三丁基锡化合物.未吸附在石墨化碳黑上的无机锡,利用其吡咯烷二硫代氨基甲酸盐络合物的液一液萃取法,使其进入二氯甲烷,而从基体液中分离出来.本法测定ng/L级含量时的回收率高(≥95%),精密度好(≤5%).     

A national ozone biomonitoring program--results from field surveys of ozone sensitive plants in northeastern forests (1994-2000)

Ozone biomonitoring is a detection and monitoring techniquethat involves documenting ozone-induced visible injury toknown ozone-sensitive species under conditions of ambientexposure. The USDA Forest Service administers a long-term,nationwide ozone biomonitoring program to address public andscientific concerns about ozone impacts on forest health. Asystematic grid is used as the basis for biomonitoring sitelocations. At each site, trained field crews evaluate amaximum of thirty plants of up to six species and record the amount and severity of leaf-injury on individualplants. Injury from ozone was found more often on biomonitoring sites in the eastern Unites States than in theinterior or west-coast areas. Further results from thenortheast reveal that in any year, there is a higherpercentage of ozone-injured plants with more severe symptomsin areas with relatively high ozone concentrations than inareas with relatively low ozone. In very dry years (e.g.,1999) the percentage of injured plants and injury severityestimates are both sharply reduced even though ambient ozoneexposures are high. These findings demonstrate thatbiomonitoring data provide meaningful evidence of when highozone concentrations during the growing season have biologicalsignificance. Any assessment of ozone stress in the forestenvironment must include both biomonitoring (i.e., plantresponse) and air quality data to be complete.     

Investigation into the relationship between major and minor element contents and particle size and leachability of boron in fly ash from coal fuel thermal power plants

A basic investigation of boron in discharged fly ash by coal fuel thermal power plants in several worldwide locations was carried out. Eight kinds of fly ash sample were prepared from eight coal fuel thermal power plants. Two of the fly ash samples were used to examine the relationship between the concentration of boron in fly ash and the particle size. When the particle size of fly ash is smaller, there is a possibility that it will be released into the air and spread over a wide area in the environment. However, it has become apparent that fly ash of smaller particle size has a higher concentration of boron and a higher enrichment factor. In other fly ash samples, the boron contents were examined and leaching tests were carried out. There is acidic fly ash as well as alkaline fly ash that contains larger amounts of acidic or basic salts. On alkaline fly ash, when the concentration of boron bound to Fe-Mn oxide is low; it has become apparent that leaching boron is increased in a solution with lower pH of approximately 4 which is nearly the pH of acid rain.     

Arsenic-speciation in arsenate-resistant and non-resistant populations of the earthworm,Lumbricus rubellus

Arsenic speciation was determined in Lumbricus rubellus Hoffmeister from arsenic-contaminated mine spoil sites and an uncontaminated site using HPLC-MS, HPLC-ICP-MS and XAS. It was previously demonstrated that L. rubellus from mine soils were more arsenate resistant than from the uncontaminated site and we wished to investigate if arsenic speciation had a role in this resistance. Earthworms from contaminated sites had considerably higher arsenic body burdens (maximum 1,358 mg As kg-1) compared to the uncontaminated site (maximum 13 mg As kg-1). The only organo-arsenic species found in methanol/water extracts for all earthworm populations was arsenobetaine, quantified using both HPLC-MS and HPLC-ICP-MS. Arsenobetaine concentrations were high in L. rubellus from the uncontaminated site when concentrations were expressed as a percentage of the total arsenic burden (23% mean), but earthworms from the contaminated sites with relatively low arsenic burdens also had these high levels of arsenobetaine (17% mean). As arsenic body burden increased, the percentage of arsenobetaine present decreased in a dose dependent manner, although its absolute concentration rose with increasing arsenic burden. The origin of this arsenobetaine is discussed. XAS analysis of arsenic mine L. rubellus showed that arsenic was primarily present as As(III) co-ordinated with sulfur (30% approx.), with some As(v) with oxygen (5%). Spectra for As(III) complexed with glutathione gave a very good fit to the spectra obtained for the earthworms, suggesting a role for sulfur co-ordination in arsenic metabolism at higher earthworm arsenic burdens. It is also possible that the disintegration of As(III)-S complexes may have taken place due to (a) processing of the sample, (b) storage of the extract or (c) HPLC anion exchange. HPLC-ICP-MS analysis of methanol extracts showed the presence of arsenite and arsenate, suggesting that these sulfur complexes disintegrate on extraction. The role of arsenic speciation in the resistance of L. rubellus to arsenate is considered.     

Sensitive monitoring of iodine species in sea water using capillary electrophoresis: vertical profiles of dissolved iodine in the Pacific Ocean

Using a novel high-sensitivity capillary electrophoretic method, vertical distributions of iodate, iodide, total inorganic iodine, dissolved organic iodine and total iodine in the North Pacific Ocean (0-5500 m) were determined without any sample pre-treatment other than UV irradiation before total iodine analysis. An extensive set of data demonstrated that the iodine behaviour in the ocean water collected during a cruise in the North Pacific Ocean in February-March 2003 was not conservative but correlated with variations in concentrations of dissolved oxygen and nutrient elements such as silicon, nitrogen and phosphorus. This suggests that the vertical distribution of iodine is associated with biological activities. The dissolved organic iodine was found in the euphotic zone in accord with observations elsewhere in the oceans. The vertical profile of dissolved organic iodine also appears to be related to biogeochemical activity. The concentrations of all measured iodine species vary noticeably above 1000 m but only minor latitudinal changes occur below 1000 m and slight vertical alterations can be observed below 2400 m. These findings are thought to reflect the stratification of nutrients and iodine species with different biological activities in the water column.     

科学技术的发展与环境问题(续)

(2) 环境保护技术方面的国际合作从国外引进的环保技术,曾对日本防治公害技术的发展起过很大的促进作用。后来,随着日本防治公害技术的迅速发展.日本国內也独立开发了许多新技术,其中有些已达国际先进水平。另外,从世界各国环境状况来看,发展中国家,正面临着发达国家曾经经历过的环境问题。有些发达国家,由于环境保护对策没跟上或公害防治技术开发缓慢,致使环境污染问题日益突出。因而,各国对环境保护领域的国际合作寄予很大期望。①政府间的技术协作环境保护领域政府间的技术协作是在政府间相互援助项     

农药残留物分析的当前趋势

测量农作物,动物组织,土壤和水中农药残留物的痕量分析方法需要具有高的灵敏度和选择性。由于工业和政府部门实验室一直需要大量掌握有关现有产品和新产品的残留物数据,特别是那些适用于多种农作物的农药,会有很多分析样品,所以发展效率更高,更经济有效方法的兴趣将日趋浓厚。而且,农药代谢作用的详细研究使得大多数广泛使用的农药(尽管不是全部)的主要代谢产物得到了确认。这又导致了残留代谢产物分析方法     

污水生化氧化速率的衰减

按以往提交的某些试验平均值结果表明:当生活污水用清洁的曝气水稀释时,污水生化氧化的第一阶段(即含碳物氧化阶段)表现为二级反应,即在任意时刻,它的氧化速率都受未去除的生化需氧量(BOD)和残余的溶解氧(DO)浓度所控制。由于二级反应与质量作用定律相吻合,因此,其氧化过程可用微分方程表达:     

Effects of repeated application of carbaryl on zooplankton communities in experimental ponds with or without the predator Chaoborus

Zooplankton communities with or without Chaoborus larvae were established in outdoor experimental ponds, to which the insecticide carbaryl was applied repeatedly at 10 or 100 microg litre(-1). In the ponds without Chaoborus, Cladocera dominated, but the species composition differed among the treatments. A large-sized Cladocera Daphnia galeata dominated the controls, the medium-sized cladocerans Diaphanosoma brachyurum and Moina micrura became dominant in the low-dose treatment, and the small-sized Bosmina fatalis increased in the high-dose treatment. These results indicated differential sensitivity to carbaryl among the cladocerans, and that smaller Cladocera were more tolerant of the chemical than the larger one. In the ponds with Chaoborus, rotifers dominated the zooplankton, probably because Chaoborus released rotifers from competition with cladocerans and calanoid copepods, which were eliminated by the Chaoborus predation. No effects of low-dose carbaryl treatment were detected on zooplankton communities in the Chaoborus ponds. The dominance by rotifers, organisms tolerant to carbaryl, minimized the effects. Thus, Chaoborus altered the zooplankton community responses to the chemical application by changing community structure. Repeated application of high-dose carbaryl did affect the rotifer community, decreasing the dominance of Polyarthra trigla and increasing that of Keratella valga. These rotifer species may differ in their sensitivity to carbaryl.