沙化区生态移民的沙化感知、社会影响和适应性策略

生态移民工程是中国政府为保护生态环境和缩减贫困人口实施的重要举措,让生态移民对气候变化产生的土地沙化有感知并尽快采取适应性策略,对防止生态移民成为“生态难民”有重要意义。本文基于社会影响理论和风险-处理能力-社会评价-适应(RCSA)的分析框架,使用在内蒙古自治区鄂尔多斯市和巴彦淖尔市调查的506户生态移民在土地沙化感知、社会影响与采取的适应性策略方面的调查数据,并使用Heckman两阶段模型和多分类Logit模型回归研究,发现:①沙化区生态移民对土地沙化的感知是移民对土地沙化采取适应性策略的先决条件,但并非感知到了土地沙化的生态移民就一定会采取适应性的防治措施。②沙化区的生态移民在新安置区受到的社会影响对移民是否有能力采取应对土地沙化的适应性策略有显著性的影响。③体现移民家庭风险处理能力的部分资产变量对移民的土地沙化感知以及采取的适应性策略有显著的正向影响。为更好地帮助生态移民减少气候变化、土地沙化带来的不利影响,沙化安置区基层政府除了让新搬迁来的生态移民积极增强资产能力外,还要帮助他们积极融入新的社区,拓宽宣传气候变化知识的渠道,增加宣传内容的多样性,引导生态移民了解应对土地沙化的技巧和方法,帮助移民减少土地沙化带来的经济损失。     

SARS疫情应急管理系统研究

研究了具有分区预警减灾功能的SARS疫情应急管理系统的结构、模型与开发问题,这个系统被确定具有分区疫情预警、区域减灾对策评估功能.文章首先分析了系统的功能需求和结构体系,进一步讨论了系统的决策分析模型,最后讨论了基于GIS技术建立SARS疫情应急管理系统的技术问题.     

华东沿海滩涂区表层沉积物重金属含量特征及风险评价

为了解华东(江苏省、上海市、浙江省和福建省)沿海滩涂表层沉积物中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn等重金属含量特征、来源及污染风险.采用数理统计、相关性分析、因子分析等方法对华东沿海滩涂区表层沉积物1 906件样品的As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn等7种重金属进行了系统研究.结果显示华东沿海滩涂区表层沉积物中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Pb、Zn等7种重金属总体含量不高,其中江苏省沿海滩涂表层沉积物重金属总体含量较低,上海、浙江沿海滩涂表层沉积物重金属总体含量较高;上海、浙江沿海滩涂表层沉积物重金属除了自然成因,受人为活动影响较大,江苏沿海表层滩涂沉积物受人为活动影响相对较轻,其中Hg在上海、浙江、福建滩涂受人为活动影响尤为严重,Cd、Cu在上海、浙江滩涂受人为活动影响尤为严重.采用海洋沉积物污染指数和平均沉积物质量基准商进行评价,结果显示,华东沿海滩涂区沉积物总体污染物生态风险较低,江苏省和福建省滩涂生态风险较低,上海市和浙江省滩涂生态风险相对较高.     

洱海水华期间饮用水源区产毒微囊藻和微囊藻毒素-LR的分布特征

水华期间微囊藻毒素的释放会严重影响洱海饮用水源水质安全.应用荧光定量PCR结合酶联免疫法快速检测洱海水华高发秋季(8—11月)主要旅游区和饮用水源地产毒微囊藻丰度和微囊藻毒素LR浓度.结果表明,荧光定量PCR方法能够快速定量洱海中总微囊藻种群和产毒微囊藻丰度,并且能有效预测洱海水体产毒潜能.洱海总微囊藻平均丰度为8.15×10~6copies·L~(-1),9月份均值最高,产毒微囊藻平均丰度为6.42×10~5copies·L~(-1),也于9月达到最高值,占总微囊藻的比例为1.0%~69.8%,水温和TP显著影响洱海总微囊藻丰度,低温、低P是洱海微囊藻水华的限制因子.洱海毒素峰值期为10月上旬,期间水源地微囊藻毒素和胞外微囊藻毒素全部检出,叶绿素a显著影响总微囊藻毒素和胞外微囊藻毒素分布,说明在一定程度上Chl a值能预测水体微囊藻释放的毒素风险.洱海总微囊藻毒素LR最高值达2.17μg·L~(-1),已超过集中式生活饮用水地表水源地对MC-LR的限值(1.0μg·L~(-1)),表明水华期间洱海饮用水水源安全问题不容忽视.     

无定形Fe (OH)3 和Fe3 O4 共沉淀态As的化学提取

无定形铁氧化物结合态砷的迁移性和生物可利用性易受环境变化影响.分别以1 mol·L-1盐酸和0.2 mol·L-1草酸铵缓冲溶液为提取剂,以新制备和室温老化(3个月、6个月)的共沉淀态Fe(OH)3-As和Fe3O4-As为提取对象,研究提取时间、液固比、Fe/As摩尔比和室温老化对As提取效率的影响.结果表明,1 mol·L-1盐酸提取Fe(OH)3-As、Fe3O4-As共沉淀时液固比应分别为50、200左右,0.2 mol·L-1草酸铵缓冲溶液提取Fe(OH)3-As、Fe3O4-As共沉淀时需保证加入的草酸根与固相中Fe的摩尔比分别为4、2.5;盐酸和草酸铵缓冲溶液提取时间2 h即可.样品Fe/As摩尔比和室温老化对Fe(OH)3-As共沉淀的溶解提取影响不大,但对Fe3O4-As共沉淀的提取影响比较大,Fe/As摩尔比越大,Fe3O4-As共沉淀越不易被提取;老化时间越长,其中共沉淀的As越不易被溶解提取.值得注意的是:盐酸和草酸铵缓冲溶液提取过程中如果有不溶固相存在,会发生As的再吸附,使无定形铁氧化物共沉淀态砷的测定不准确.     

黏土介质地下水非达西渗流的研究进展

Darcy定律自从诞生以来已经被广泛地运用于多项工程技术领域。然而,越来越多的研究表明黏土介质地下水中存在着非达西渗流现象,而且这种现象不可忽略。本文综述了近几十年来黏土介质地下水非达西渗流的研究进展,重点概述了黏土介质地下水非达西渗流的存在性、非达西渗流的本构方程、非达西渗流的产生机理以及非达西渗流临界点转化判据等方面的研究成果,并对黏土介质地下水非达西渗流研究存在的问题进行了讨论,对今后的前沿研究方向进行了展望。     

城市污水三污泥系统自养脱氮与强化生物除磷

采用"A/O除磷+半亚硝化-厌氧氨氧化自养脱氮"三污泥系统,实现了城市污水营养物经济高效去除.结果表明,在水力停留时间(HRT)为3.6h条件下,A/O除磷系统出水总磷(TP)≤0.5mg/L;在常温、DO0.2mg/L和HRT=4.6h条件下,半亚硝化系统实现了亚硝氮累积率为75%～96%的半亚硝化;在温度为27～30℃和HRT=1.4h条件下,厌氧氨氧化(ANAMMOX)系统出水总氮(TN)≤8mg/L,最低值为1.6mg/L,TN去除负荷达到0.57kg/(m3·d).三污泥系统中聚磷菌、氨氧化菌和ANAMMOX菌均在各自适宜的环境条件下生存,优化了污泥种群,提高了各工艺单元的处理效率.城市污水自养脱氮系统理论上可以减少62.5%的供氧量,节省100%反硝化碳源,同时降低了污泥产量,大大减少了CO2的排放.与传统的生物脱氮除磷工艺相比,三污泥系统具有节能降耗减排上的巨大优势和潜力,也有利于实现水资源的循环利用和可持续发展.     

天然气管道风险分析及应急管理

为了有效控制天然气管道的风险,需建立全面、综合的管道应急管理。本文根据天然气管道风险的特点,分别从工艺站场、输气管道、自然灾害、第三方破坏四个方面对天然气管道风险进行了分析,并从应急管理过程的风险消除、应急准备计划、应急反应、恢复四个阶段提出了天然气管道应急管理的具体内容。该研究对控制天然气管道事故的风险、保障天然气管道的正常运行具有重要的意义。     

膜生物反应器处理城市污水的后续次氯酸钠消毒研究

针对膜生物反应器（membrane bioreactor,MBR）处理城市污水的后续次氯酸钠消毒,分别开展了不同氯的投加剂量对指示微生物（总大肠菌群和粪大肠菌群）的灭活效果、消毒副产物（disinfection by-products,DBPs）生成量以及消毒后出水发光菌急性毒性研究.结果表明,在工程应用中MBR处理工...     

Ultrasonic vibration seeds showed improved resistance to cadmium and lead in wheat seedling

Heavy metals have long-term adverse impacts on the health of soil ecosystems and even exhibit hazardous influences on human health. Literatures have shown that heavy metals could result in the reduction of crops growth and development and finally result in crops production decline. To determine whether or not ultrasonic vibration alleviate damage induced by cadmium and lead in crops, the wheat seeds, which is one of the most important agriculture crops in China and other countries in the world, were exposed to 10 min ultrasonic vibration and then the toxicological effects were investigated. Wheat seeds were soaked for 3 h with water and then the seeds were placed in clean beaker with some water, the beaker were placed in ultrasonic apparatus to vibrate (model, KQ-200VDV; frequency, 45 KHz; power, 160 W). Pretreatment seeds of 80 were sown in dishes (Ø 15 cm). After seeds emergence, the seedlings were thinned to 60 per dish. The dishes with seedlings were placed in a growth chamber maintained at 25 °C, 70 % relative humidity and 380 μmol?mol^?1 CO₂ under dark condition. A 400 μmol?m^?2?s^?1 photosynthetically active radiation was provided for 8 h (dark for 16 h) after the seed germination. When the seedlings were 2 days old, the seedlings were subjected to cadmium and lead for 4 days and then some selective biochemical and physiological parameters were measured. (1) Although each doses of ultrasonic vibration could improve seed germination, enhance biosynthesis of protein and chlorophyll and seedlings growth, the optimum dosage of ultrasonic vibration was 10 min. (2) Compared with the controls, cadmium and lead stress led to significant increase in the concentrations of malondialdehyde (MDA) and O^?2 and in the conductivity of electrolyte leakage, but the activities of catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione reductase (GR), the glutathione concentration, and the shoot weight were decreased by Cd and Pb stress. In the case of the seeds exposed to ultrasonic vibration and the seedlings followed by cadmium lead stress, the concentrations of MDA and O^?2, and the conductivity of electrolyte leakage were significantly lower than those in cadmium and lead stress; the activities of CAT, SOD, and GR and the shoot weight were significantly higher (except for glutathione (GSH) concentration) than those in cadmium and lead stress seedlings. The membrane is responsible for the selective inflow and outflow of molecules, ions, and water, and is a dynamic structure that performs a variety of functions. Cellular membrane systems play an important role in the compartmentalization of cells and maintaining intercellular homeostasis. Abiotic and biotic stress can induce functional impairments to the cellular membrane systems through triggering an increased formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as superoxide (O₂ ^?), hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂), and hydroxyl radicals. There are several pathways that can be utilized to eliminate ROS in plants, e.g., CAT, SOD, and GR and GSH, etc. compared with controls, cadmium, and lead enhanced the concentrations of ROS; decreased the SOD, CAT, and GR activities; the GSH concentration, and the seedling growth. In the case of ultrasonic pretreatment followed by cadmium and lead stresses, the activities of CAT, SOD, and GR were significant higher, and the conductivity of electrolyte leakage and the concentrations of MDA and O₂ ^? were significant lower than that of those subjected by cadmium and lead stress. This phenomenon demonstrated ultrasonic pretreatment can help plant eliminate the ROS by enhance the activities of antioxidant enzymes. These results suggested that ultrasonic vibration can alleviate the toxicological effect induced by heavy mental.