动物粪便堆肥的养分淋溶特征模拟研究

通过室内土柱模拟实验,研究了自然条件下土壤施用不同量的动物粪便堆肥对氮、磷和钾的淋失的影响,结果表明:氮、磷和钾的淋出量都与堆肥用量呈正相关关系,总氮的淋出主要集中在土壤下层,随着施肥量的增加,淋出液总氮浓度最高达到300mg·l-1,可能对地下水造成污染,总磷主要聚集在土壤的上层,最高达到8.5mg·l-1,磷向下迁移较为缓慢,随淋溶次数的变化不显著.土柱上层渗滤液中钾的含量远大于下层,各施肥量处理都在前三次淋溶中随淋溶次数的增加而有一定程度减小,随后趋于稳定.     

Highway increases concentrations of toxic metals in giant panda habitat

The Qinling panda subspecies (Ailuropoda melanoleuca qinlingensis) is highly endangered with fewer than 350 individuals inhabiting the Qinling Mountains. Previous studies have indicated that giant pandas are exposed to heavy metals, and a possible source is vehicle emission. The concentrations of Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb, Cr, Ni, Cd, Hg, and As in soil samples collected from sites along a major highway bisecting the panda’s habitat were analyzed to investigate whether the highway was an important source of metal contamination. There were 11 sites along a 30-km stretch of the 108th National Highway, and at each site, soil samples were taken at four distances from the highway (0, 50, 100, and 300 m) and at three soil depths (0, 5, 10 cm). Concentrations of all metals except As exceeded background levels, and concentrations of Cu, Zn, Mn, Pb, and Cd decreased significantly with increasing distance from the highway. Geo-accumulation index indicated that topsoil next to the highway was moderately contaminated with Pb and Zn, whereas topsoil up to 300 m away from the highway was extremely contaminated with Cd. The potential ecological risk index demonstrated that this area was in a high degree of ecological hazards, which were also due to serious Cd contamination. And, the hazard quotient indicated that Cd, Pb, and Mn especially Cd could pose the health risk to giant pandas. Multivariate analyses demonstrated that the highway was the main source of Cd, Pb, and Zn and also put some influence on Mn. The study has confirmed that traffic does contaminate roadside soils and poses a potential threat to the health of pandas. This should not be ignored when the conservation and management of pandas is considered.     

Impacts of snow disaster on meat production and adaptation: an empirical analysis in the yellow river source region

The Yellow River source region is located in the hinterland of the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, and has a sensitive response to global change due to its unique cryosphere processes. Any slight changes in natural elements and human activity can have a magnified effect on grassland ecosystem, animal husbandry, and pastoral livelihoods since its economy is exclusively dominated by grassland animal husbandry. Because snow disaster has been one of the major natural disasters in the source region, it is crucial to explore the economic impact of snow disaster on animal husbandry and identify effective adaptation measures. A nonlinear model of meat production was established in relation to snow disaster, grassland productivity, and disaster prevention by introducing a snow level index, and selecting three key indicators of grassland productivity and disaster prevention, including grass growing season precipitation concentration, sown grassland area, and warm barn area. This is an inverse of negative correlation, less meat when there is more snow. Per unit increase in snow level in the source region led to a decrease of 0.213 units in meat production. However, production losses caused by the snow disaster could be effectively suppressed by the increase in scale and intensity of sown grassland and warm barn construction. Per unit increase in sown grassland and warm barn area led to an increase of 0.240 and 0.610 units in meat production, respectively. The effects of sown grassland and warm barn area in reducing snow damage at different snow levels were analyzed. Snow disaster adaptation in the source region should include acceleration of the construction of meteorological disaster prevention and mitigation system, to ensure balanced forage supply between winter and spring, to prioritize the development of warm barn, and reduce the proportion of self-financed construction warm barn to encourage active participation of pastoralists, and to develop insurance mechanism for livestock.     

南昌市雨水和湖水硫同位素特征的研究

为探讨南昌市酸雨的硫源,研究了2006年南昌市区雨水、湖水的pH值、硫酸根离子浓度和硫同位素组成,并对市区用煤的δ34S值进行了测定。结果表明,雨水硫同位素组成的变化范围在-3.5‰~5.5‰之间,且具有夏季轻,冬、春季重的特点。湖泊水、赣江水的δ34S值变化范围在4.3‰~10.3‰之间。2006年南昌市酸雨污染较严重,冬春季时雨水的酸度较大。雨水中硫的来源是由生物成因硫、人为成因硫和海源硫综合贡献的,夏季生物硫贡献比重大,冬春季人为硫是主要贡献者,海源硫贡献可能很小。     

山区生态产业及其环境保育的作用研究

山区生态产业是依赖于山区丰富的自然资源按照生态学原理组织形成的生态与经济有机统一的产业发展形式。本文阐述了山区生态产业七个方面的特征：即山区生态产业对自然资源的特殊依赖性、受高度景观带的制约性、结构多样性与复杂性、建设长期性、经济收益级差性、开发水平落后性和开发任务艰巨性。在此基础上,文章从要素调控设计、垂直带幅生态调控设计、产业模式系统生态设计出发探讨了生态产业与垂直地带性的构建关系,并举例说明了山区生态产业开发建设对环境保护的积极作用。得出了山区生态产业的开发就是努力避免产业活动对生态环境干扰的逆向作用,积极引导与实现产业活动对生态环境干扰的正向作用的结论。     

川西地区水能资源优势、开发障碍及战略

川西地区包括甘改，阿坝，凉山，雅安，攀枝花，乐山和眉山七个州市。金沙江水电基地，雅砻江水电基地和大渡河水是基地集中分布该区域，是长江上游水能资源富集区的核心。从水系和行政区方面分析该地区水能资源分布状况，国际国内比较优势，开发利用水平，管理体制，丰枯矛盾和资金短缺等。最后提出以溪落渡，向家坝，瀑布沟和独松电站为主的开发重点；华东，西北市场开发为主的市场开拓战略方向；四川电网与华东，西北电网的联网建设，以电代柴保生态的战略；规范集资办电的投融资制度，实行项目资本金制度，明晰产权关系，进行现代化企业制度的改制方向和实行企业所得税优惠政策。     

土壤酶与重金属关系的研究现状

介绍了近年来土壤酶与重金属关系的研究动向,以及重金属对酶活性作用的影响因素;探讨了用土壤酶表征重金属污染程度的方法及其可行性。有关研究表明,不同土壤酶类对重金属的敏感性有明显差异;土壤酶活性特别是总体酶活性作为污染指标是可行的;土壤酶与重金属的关系主要取决于土壤有机质、粘粒等含量的高低及它们对土壤酶的保护容量和对重金属缓冲容量的大小。文中还分析了研究中应注意的问题。     

中国北方河流沉积物中 重金属污染现状、来源及治理对策

本文综述了中国北方主要河流沉积物中重金属(Cu、Cr、Pb、Cd、Zn)的污染现状,对重金属污染来源进行分析,同时结合中国北方河流沉积物重金属污染状况,提出了治理对策,并着重分析受污河流沉积物修复技术,对不同修复技术的优缺点进行分析比较。通过对以往研究成果分析发现,中国北方主要河流沉积物中重金属Pb污染最为严重,Pb污染很大程度上与北方传统的燃煤习惯有关。而北方主要河流（辽河、淮河、黄河、松花江、海河）干流中,海河的重金属富集程度最高,除Cr外,其他元素均不同程度的超过页岩平均背景值。北方河流沉积物重金属污染修复必须依据受污河流的具体情况选取适宜的修复技术,才可能有效治理污染。     

多环芳烃降解菌的分离鉴定及其生理特性研究

从兰州石化污水处理厂的污泥中分离出一株能分别以萘、蒽为唯一碳源生长的细菌(BDP01). 通过菌株形态观察及16S rDNA序列比对, 确定该菌株属于假单胞菌属的绿脓杆菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa). 菌株在LB培养基中48 h内呈对数生长, 48 h到72 h进入生长稳定期, 72 h后开始进入衰亡期;其最佳培养温度为30 ℃, 最适生长pH为中性或弱碱性, 该菌能在萘和蒽的质量浓度分别为100 mg·L^-1和50 mg·L^-1的无机盐培养基中良好生长, 与已报道的其他微生物比较, BDP01在较短时间内具有较强的降解多环芳烃能力, 1%的接种量15 d内可降解89.64%的萘和77.21%的蒽. 采用PCR和琼脂糖凝胶电泳技术检测到菌株基因组中有邻苯二酚2,3-双加氧酶 (C23O)基因. 测序结果与NCBI数据库发布的C23O基因序列相似度为92%. 该酶在20~65 ℃以邻苯二酚为底物时, 细胞裂解液中酶活力变化范围为13.10~540.86 U.     

南水北调中线源头淹没区土壤中多环芳烃的赋存分布特征

研究了南水北调中线源头淹没区农田土壤中多环芳烃(PAHs)的分布特征与来源.采集了丹江口水库淅川淹没区(高程170 m以下)8个乡镇的18个农田土壤.以索氏提取法对样品处理后,采用GC/MS对土壤中美国EPA优先控制的16种PAHs进行了检测分析.结果表明,淹没区农田土壤中共有10种PAHs组分检测出,总残留量范围为5.29~173.11 ng·g^-1,平均值为41.89 ng·g^-1,具有致癌作用的组分苯并 蒽(Baa)、 (Chr)和苯并(b)荧蒽(Bbf)含量约占PAHs总残留量的2.4%.个别采样点的PAHs残留量高于荷兰政府规定的无污染土壤的PAHs值(干重:20~50 ng·g^-1),表明淹没区部分农田土壤已受到轻微的PAHs污染.通过使用PAHs环数相对丰度法和Phe/Ant、Fla/Pyr、Ant/(Ant+Phe)和Fla/(Fla+Pyr)等分子标志物指示法来解析PAHs来源,结果显示,淅川淹没区土壤中PAHs的来源主要是煤等化石燃料和草木等植物性燃料的燃烧,少量来源于汽车尾气的排放以及石油产品的泄漏.淹没区农田土壤中PAHs污染存在一定的生态风险,值得进一步关注.