应对环境突发事故亟需日常风险管理--访清华大学公共管理学院、21世纪发展研究院常务副院长薛澜教授

一直以来,中国人就不太习惯或不敢用危机这样的词汇来讨论国家面临的种种挑战。其实即便从哲学角度来看,危机也未必完全是坏事,危机往往是生机、转机的开始,危机实际上起到了社会“安全阀”的作用,所谓“祸兮福之所倚,福兮祸之所伏”就是这个道理。 过去的20多年里,中国创造了一个经济持续高速发展的繁荣时期,但与此同时,各种社会问题也不断显现出来。此外,按照一般规律,当一个国家的经济发展到人均GDP达500美元至3000美元时。往往对应着人口、资源、环境、效率与公平等社会矛盾较为严重的瓶颈时期,此时比较容易造成社会失序、经济失调、贫富悬殊、心理失衡等问题,形成一些社会不稳定因素。目前,中国正处于经济转轨、社会转型的关键时期,同时也是危机事件的多发期。 古人说：“安而不忘危,治而不忘乱,存而不忘亡”,这也是中国历史上“治国安邦”的重要经验。因此,在中国社会上下努力、转变政府职能,彻底改变旧的行政管理体制和思维模式的情形下,借鉴其他国家的危机管理体系的实践经验,我们就能将环境突发事件防患于未然,并逐步形成环境危机管理的初步机制。[编者按]     

国际爱护动物基金会

国际爱护动物基金会（Internatlonal Fund for Animal Welfare,简称IFAW）创立于1 969年,是全球最大的动物福利组织之一,总部位于美国的马萨诸塞州.     

经口摄入土壤多溴联苯醚生物可给性变化及影响因素的体外消化模拟

误食土壤是污染物(如多溴联苯醚)人体(主要是儿童)暴露的重要途径,人体消化道内污染物吸收的生物可给性是针对此种暴露方式进行定量风险评估的有效途径之一.本研究采用体外消化实验模拟3种不同有机碳含量的天然土壤中典型多溴联苯醚(BDE-28、BDE-47、BDE-99和BDE-153)在胃和小肠消化液中的释放,验证部分消化释放的多溴联苯醚因消化残留固相表面的再吸附造成低估实际生物可给性,并通过不同水土比的拟合计算予以校正.结果表明,校正后的消化率普遍高于校正前;就不同土样而言,BDE-28、BDE-47、BDE-99和BDE-153在不同初始暴露浓度条件下平均提升比例范围分别为14.3%~42.3%、11.1%~32.1%、4.9%~12.3%和0.0%~7.7%.因此,未经校正的消化率会显著低估PBDEs消化道内的生物可给性,尤其是低溴代组分及PBDEs初始浓度较高或高TOC含量的土样.校正后BDE-28、BDE-47、BDE-99和BDE-153的消化率分别维持在21.9%~54.7%、18.8%~43.1%、13.4%~27.2%和9.3%~19.9%.此外,PBDEs的消化率与其辛醇-水分配系数的对数lg KOW呈显著负相关;而与土壤TOC含量及PBDEs初始暴露浓度的相关性并不显著,尤其是高溴代组分.     

Establishment of a comprehensive analysis method for the microfaunal movement in activated sludge

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Microfaunal identification and analysis are very complex; thus, an image analysis method was utilized in this paper to overcome the shortcomings of...     

Geochemistry of heavy metal-contaminated sediments from the Four River inlets of Dongting lake,China

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The concentrations of major and trace elements in the sediments from the Four River inlets of Dongting Lake were analysed. The results show that the...     

Revealing the impact of water conservancy projects and urbanization on hydrological cycle based on the distribution of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in water

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - In recent years, the development and utilization of water resources have imposed great impacts on hydrological characteristics and ecological...     

Development of highly efficient and reusable magnetic nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes for chlorophenol removal

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes (N-CNTs) were synthesized via a hydrothermal method and further modified with magnetic Co0.5Cu0.5Fe2O4 nanoparticles...     

Simulated reaction of formaldehyde and ambient atmospheric particulate matter using a chamber

The reaction of HCHO with Beijing winter's real ambient particulate matter(PM) inside a 3.3 m~3 Teflon Chamber was conducted in this study. NO_2, O_3 and H_2O gases were removed from the ambient aerosol before entering into the chamber. The decays of HCHO were monitored(acetylacetone spectrophotometry method) during the reactions at different PM number concentrations(N_a) and relative humidities(RHs), and the formed particulate formate was detected by IC and XPS techniques. The results showed that when RH was10%–15%, the decay rate of HCHO in the chamber was higher with the existence of PM from relatively clean days(with number concentration(N_a) 200,000 particle/L, 0.35–22.5 μm)compared to dirty days(N_a 200,000 particle/L, 0.35–22.5 μm). When RH increased to 30%–45%, PM can hardly have significant influences on the decay of HCHO. The formations of formate on the reacted PM were consistent with the HCHO decay rates at different ambient PM N_aand RH conditions. This is a first study related to the "real" ambient PM reacted with HCHO and suggested that in the clean and low RH days, PM could be an effective medium for the conversion of HCHO to formate.     

紫外消毒对城市污水处理厂耐药菌去除的影响研究

通过选取假单胞杆菌、鲍曼不动杆菌以及芽孢杆菌3种耐药菌作为研究对象,研究紫外光变化对这3种耐药菌的去除效果,得出较好的紫外消毒条件,应用到实际的污水处理厂消毒过程中。结果表明,紫外消毒对3种耐药菌都有很好的灭活效果。     

不同粒径羟基磷灰石对污染土壤铜镉磷有效性和酶活性的影响

为研究不同粒径羟基磷灰石对重金属污染土壤的修复效果,采用向污染土壤添加常规磷灰石（150 μm）、微米（3 μm）和纳米（40 nm）羟基磷灰石的田间原位试验方法,考察其钝化修复5 a后对土壤铜镉磷有效性和酶活性的影响.结果表明:3种粒径羟基磷灰石均提高了土壤pH,降低了土壤交换性酸和交换性铝的含量,且微米羟基磷灰石处理效果最好.常规磷灰石、微米和纳米羟基磷灰石处理分别使w（离子交换态铜）降低了62.6%、74.3%和70.4%,w（离子交换态镉）降低了15.7%、25.3%和26.7%.3种材料均增加了土壤w（TP）,其中4.61%~17.4%和73.4%~89.8%分别转化为树脂磷和稳定态磷.微米羟基磷灰石处理分别使土壤脲酶活性和微生物量碳含量提高了4.66和0.66倍.研究显示,微米羟基磷灰石更有利于铜和镉由活性态向非活性态转化,增加土壤磷的有效性,提高土壤微生物活性,在我国南方重金属污染红壤区具有较好的应用潜力.