Eutrophication development and its key regulating factors in a water-supply reservoir in North China

Yanghe Reservoir is an important source of drinking water for Qinhuangdao City,North China;however,in recent decades this water source has been eutrophic with recurrent summer cyanobacterial blooms.The trophic grade of the system in summer was mesotrophiceutrophic in 1990 and became hypertrophic in 2011.The nutrient availability is extremely high during the entire year,and the water temperature should be the primary driver of the summer blooms.In May-October of 2010 and 2011,abrupt variations were observed in the Secchi depth(SD) and chlorophyll a(Chl-a),and both the correlated analysis of Chl-a-SD and trophic status indices(TSI) deviation(TSI Chl-a-TSI SD) showed that algal cell density dominated light attenuation.During the algal bloom outbreak,the microcystin concentration was found to vary between 0.35-2.12 μg/L in 2010 and 0.11-1.86 μg/L in 2011.The maximum microcystin content was more than two times the safety limit required for drinking water.Inflow discharges were most concentrated in the summer,with periods of lower residence time and the largest water level fluctuation over the entire year.When a high availability of nutrients promoted a high Chl-a concentration in the whole system,it appeared that the instability caused by the decrease in residence time could not produce effective changes in the cyanobacterial abundance.The results indicated that nutrient enrichment in the aquatic systems of Yanghe Reservoir is the most serious problem and that the status would not been modified effectively by increasing hydrological fluctuations(e.g.,decreasing the residence time).Therefore,decreasing the nutrient concentrations is the only route to improve the water quality of this reservoir.     

Speciation of organic phosphorus in a sediment profile of Lake Taihu II. Molecular species and their depth attenuation

The understanding of organic phosphorus(P) dynamics in sediments requires information on their species at the molecular level,but such information in sediment profiles is scarce.A sediment profile was selected from a large eutrophic lake,Lake Taihu(China),and organic P species in the sediments were detected using solution phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(31 P NMR) following extraction of the sediments with a mixture of 0.25 mol/L NaOH and 50 mmol/L EDTA(NaOH-EDTA) solution.The results showed that P in the NaOH-EDTA extracts was mainly composed of orthophosphate,orthophosphate monoesters,phospholipids,DNA,and pyrophosphate.Concentrations of the major organic P compound groups and pyrophosphate showed a decreasing trend with the increase of depth.Their half-life times varied from 3 to 27 years,following the order of orthophosphate monoesters > phospholipids DNA > pyrophosphate.Principal component analysis revealed that the detected organic P species had binding phases similar to those of humic acid-associated organic P(NaOH-NRP HA),a labile organic P pool that tends to transform to recalcitrant organic P pools as the early diagenetic processes proceed.This demonstrated that the depth attenuation of the organic P species could be partly attributed to their increasing immobilization by the sediment solids,while their degradation rates should be significantly lower than what were suggested in previous studies.     

磁性纳米Fe_3O_4对毒死蜱的增效和催化降解研究

应用溶剂热法制备了磁性纳米Fe3O4(NMFO),并用聚乙二醇-6000对其进行改性,使纳米Fe3O4表面由亲水性转变为亲脂性,从而实现与亲脂性毒死蜱的复合。纳米Fe3O4的加入使毒死蜱的生物活性明显提高。室内毒力试验结果表明:含0.2%纳米Fe3O4的Fe3O4/毒死蜱制剂的毒力在室内和紫外光照下分别是同浓度纯毒死蜱的3.84倍和4.17倍;其降解率也显著提高,纳米Fe3O4/毒死蜱制剂在太阳光照下放置10 d,其降解率可达93.2%,相同条件下纯毒死蜱的降解率是10.14%,而将添加或未添加纳米Fe3O4的毒死蜱于暗处放置相同的时间,其降解率分别为1.21%和0.23%。     

水汽浓度变化对温室效应影响的定量分析

为了考察大气水汽浓度变化对温室效应的影响,以全球大气温度探空数据集RATPAC-A为基础,对流层采用固定相对湿度的假设,并根据平流层水汽的历史变化趋势,进行了定量研究。结果表明,对流层绝对湿度的增加,会造成其各处向上出射长波通量的减少,并在层顶处达到最大,且对流层顶水汽含量的变化,对于向上长波通量的影响最为显著;如果地表温度升高1 K,大气水汽浓度增加所导致的对流层顶向上长波通量的减小值为2.22 W/m2,对流层水汽含量变化与地表温升之间存在着强烈的正反馈关系,有能力使二氧化碳所造成的温室效应进一步增强50%;平流层水蒸汽体积浓度每上升1×10-6,将会使对流层顶的向下长波通量增加0.31 W/m2。     

黄菖蒲有机酸组分对铜绿微囊藻的化感作用

采用液液萃取的方法得到黄菖蒲(Iris pseudacorus L.)水浸提液的有机酸组分,抑藻实验表明高浓度有机酸组分对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)的生长具有明显的抑制作用,表现为添加1和2 mL有机酸组分时,第6天铜绿微囊藻生物量显著降低,培养过程中,铜绿微囊藻的叶绿素a含量逐渐减少,而超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量呈现先增加后逐渐降低的趋势,表明有机酸组分能够明显抑制铜绿微囊藻SOD的活性,引起细胞的氧化损伤,促进叶绿素的分解,从而导致藻类死亡。通过气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)联用技术对有机酸组分进行分析,鉴定出24种有机酸类物质,其中包括15种脂肪酸类物质和9种酚酸类物质。根据总离子流图中各物质的峰面积得到脂肪酸类物质的相对含量为19.01%,其中相对含量超过1%的有琥珀酸、辛酸、软脂酸、丁酸和戊酸;酚酸类物质的相对含量为16.98%,其中相对含量超过1%的有苯甲酸、苯乙酸、苯丙酸、氢化肉桂酸和苯乙酸甲酯。     

上海市疏浚泥资源化可利用性分析

对上海市不同区域疏浚泥的颗粒粒径、化学成分、毒性、养分等理化性质进行测定,继而对其资源化可利用性进行了分析。结果表明,上海市疏浚泥可定性为粘质粉土和粉质粘土;3个采样区的样品均没有达到清洁疏浚泥的标准。内河航道疏浚泥养分充足但镉污染稍显严重,采取重金属预防措施后适宜作为农作地和湿地矿山修复用地;黄浦江码头前沿和长江码头前沿疏浚泥有机质严重不足,仅适于在绿地、绿化带、防护林等处使用;3处疏浚泥均可制陶粒和制砖,亦可用于围内吹填工程,但需事先对疏浚泥里的重金属成分进行固化。     

舟山典型海区浮游植物的动态变化

2009年8月～2011年5月对舟山典型海区的浮游植物群落进行调查和分析,结果表明:在该海域共鉴定到浮游植物4门45属102种。其中蓝藻门2属4种,占3.92%;绿藻门1属2种,占1.96%;硅藻门38属89种,占87.26%;甲藻门4属7种,占6.86%。浮游植物细胞丰度的年波动在2.65×104/L～3.73×104/L之间,平均值为3.04×104/L,并且在春季(5月)最高,夏季(8月)次之。主要优势种有星脐圆筛藻(Coscinodiscus asteromphalus)、中华盒形藻(Biddulphia sinensis)、夜光藻(Noctiluca scintillans)、并基角毛藻(Chaetoceros decipiens)和佛氏海线藻(Thalassionema frauenfeldii)。其中夜光藻的丰度达4.9×103/L,佛氏海线藻达2.7×103/L。在整个调查过程中硅藻一直占据优势,朱家尖、桃花岛、东极和嵊泗的硅藻种类分别占95.2%,82.1%,81.3%和86.9%。通过对浮游植物群落的多样性指数分析,可认为该调查海区浮游植物种类组成和季节变化明显,群落结构稳定。研究还表明,水质优良程度为嵊泗>东极>朱家尖>桃花岛。     

X射线光电子能谱在HTPB推进剂老化机理研究中的应用

采用X射线光电子能谱（XPS）法研究了HTPB推进剂在80℃热空气烘箱内分别老化0周、13周和24周的元素组成、化学价态及含量变化。通过拟合C,O,N,Cl等元素的XPS谱图,推测该推进剂在常温（25℃）贮存老化初期应是氧化交联,后期则出现降解断链,并认为NH4ClO4缓慢分解,攻击C C不饱和双键,使得C C双键含量降低是HTPB推进剂老化失效的主要原因。Al粉被包裹在推进剂粘合剂内部,XPS法未能检出Al粉。由于Al粉比较稳定,不参与推进剂老化过程,故XPS仍可用于HTPB推进剂老化机理研究。     

储罐钢08MnNiVR和SPV490Q在石油沉积水中腐蚀性能对比

采用电化学试验、浸泡试验和慢应变速率拉伸试验研究储罐钢08MnNiVR和SPV490Q在石油沉积水中的腐蚀性能差异。电化学试验结果表明,08MnNiVR在石油沉积水中的自腐蚀电流比SPV490Q略大。浸泡试验结果表明,中短期试验时,08MnNiVR的腐蚀率略大;较长期试验时,SPV490Q的腐蚀率略大。慢应变速率拉伸试验结果表明,08MnNiVR和SPV490Q在石油沉积水中均具有高应力腐蚀抗力。     

LD2铝合金腐蚀行为研究

LD2铝合金广泛应用于直升机结构中。铝合金构件在服役过程中会承受环境所造成的疲劳损伤,从而大大降低其服役寿命,因此必须要研究该材料的腐蚀行为。利用SEM扫描电镜,结合能谱分析对铝合金腐蚀损伤行为进行了高精度微尺度研究,并在疲劳断口上发现腐蚀坑底部的“隧道”,该腐蚀隧道会使腐蚀损伤评定过于保守,为结构寿命预测带来较大的不确定性。