海岛近岸海域资源环境承载能力评价及其应用

为定量研究海岛近岸海域资源环境承载状态,满足开发进程中可持续发展的需求,构建了海岛近岸海域资源环境承载能力三级评价指标体系,以空间资源承载能力、生态环境承载能力和生态系统承灾能力作为基础指标,对海岛近岸海域进行全面评价,依据其生态系统特征与人类活动特征,分别选择人工岸线开发类型、海域使用类型、水质状况、生物群落健康状况、灾害风险状况等指标开展分类评价,最后利用“短板效应”方法进行复合评价,将评价结果划分为可载、超载与临界超载3个级别,并以辽宁长兴岛为例开展实证研究.结果表明,长兴岛近岸海域 岸线开发强度为0.87,海域水质达标面积比率为0.75,鱼卵仔鱼平均密度为4.45 ind/m3,这3个单项指标的计算结果 均超过相应超载分级标准,受空间资源承载力和生态环境承载力短板要素的影响,该海域资源环境承载力状况为“超载”.表明以资源、生态环境和灾害等要素构建评价指标体系可客观全面地评价海岛近岸海域资源环境承载力状况,并能够科学地遴选出主导其承载力强弱的短板要素.长兴岛近岸海域可通过填海施工中预留过水通道、人工放流增补渔业资源、调整陆源排污口位置、实行岸段生态修复等措施优化开发利用方式,提升空间资源承载能力与生态环境承载力,逐步减弱短板效应.长兴岛近岸海域承灾能力属“可载”级别,为满足该区域未来发展过程中防灾减灾的需要,仍需通过编制突发事故应急预案,建立完善的事故应急措施来应对突发灾害事件.      

Chemical characteristics of fine particles and their impact on visibility impairment in Shanghai based on a 1-year period observation

In this work, a one-year observation focusing on high time resolution characteristics of components in fine particles was conducted at an urban site in Shanghai. Contributions of different components on visibility impairment were also studied. Our research indicates that the major components of PM_2.5 in Shanghai are water-soluble inorganic ions and carbonaceous aerosol, accounting for about 60% and 30% respectively. Higher concentrations of sulfate (SO₄²⁻) and organic carbon (OC) in PM_2.5 occurred in fall and summer, while higher concentrations of nitrate (NO₃⁻) were observed in winter and spring. The mass concentrations of Cl⁻ and K⁺ were higher in winter. Moreover, NO₃⁻ increased significantly during PM_2.5 pollution episodes. The high values observed for the sulfate oxidizing rate (SOR), nitrate oxidizing rate (NOR) and secondary organic carbon (SOC) in OC indicate that photochemical reactions were quite active in Shanghai. The IMPROVE (Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments) formula was used in this study to investigate the contributions of individual PM_2.5 chemical components to the light extinction efficient in Shanghai. Both NH₄NO₃ and (NH₄)₂SO₄ had close relationships with visibility impairment in Shanghai. Our results show that the reduction of anthropogenic SO₂, NO_x and NH₃ would have a significant effect on the improvement of air quality and visibility in Shanghai.     

Effects of Artificial Sand Fixing on Community Characteristics of a Rare Desert Shrub

Eremosparton songoricum (Fabaceae) is a rare, native, clonal small shrub of the deserts of central Asia. Although human activities have greatly fragmented the distribution of E. songoricum, it occurs in areas where artificial sand fixing (AS) has been implemented. We sought to explore whether AS promotes survival and growth of E. songoricum. In the Gurbantunggut Desert of northwestern China in June 2010, we established 10 plots in an area where sand fixing occurred (5–10 years previously) and 11 plots on original sand substrate on which some plants had settled without fixing sand. Sand fixing changed soil properties and biological characteristics in sand‐fixed plots. The soil surface where sand fixing occurred was covered by algal crusts and some lichen, but not bare sand (BS). Soil nutrients; water content of deep soil (30–150 cm); overall plant and herbaceous species richness, diversity, abundance, and cover; above‐ and belowground biomass; and cover, biomass, and height of E. songoricum in the sand‐fixed plots were significantly greater than in plots of BS. However, distribution of E. songoricum individuals in the 2 types of plots did not differ. Our results indicate AS may enhance survival of E. songoricum and increase the overall diversity and stability of the desert plant community. We suggest AS as a way to protect this rare desert plant in situ. Efectos de la Fijación Artificial de Arena sobre las Características de la Comunidad de un Arbusto Desértico Raro     

国际空港新特点与我国空港资源的综合利用

国际空港是社会经济高度发展和工业化、城市化和现代化的重要特征。研究国外空港现代化特点为发展我国空港可以提供有益的经验与方法，实现我国空港资源最大化的合理利用。特别是在全球经济一体化的新形势下，国际空港具有大型化、规模化的时代特征，同时要适应复杂气候变化的情况，机场全天候、引导系统自动化，各项设施达到国际一流水平。在今后的世界经济与城市化快速发展过程中，我国的空港资源利用应从3个方面去分析，机场的新建扩建应按照科学发展观的思想，按不同等级机场，应有适当的分工，明确空港的综合功能，并与其它交通运输方式相互利用、取长补短，有利于我国航空运输专业化。充分利用空港各类资源，发挥空运的快捷、安全、准确的优势，将我国的航空运输业推向现代化、国际化。     

莱钢1~# 1880m~3高炉出铁场除尘系统改造

对1 880 m3高炉出铁场除尘系统存在问题进行分析,查找制约原有系统除尘效果的原因,并利用技术改造,提高系统风量和除尘效果,有效地降低了岗位粉尘浓度,改善了现场周围环境,取得了较好的社会效益和环保效益.     

春季沙尘过程对华东高山背景区域颗粒物中水溶性无机离子的影响

于2014年3—5月在国家大气背景监测福建武夷山站采集了PM2.5及PM2.5~10样品,利用离子色谱对其中的水溶性组分进行分析,并同步收集气象因子及污染物质量浓度数据,结合后向气流轨迹,分离出受沙尘影响的样品,探讨了春季沙尘过程华东高山背景区域颗粒物中水溶性组分的特征.结果表明,春季武夷山背景点沙尘影响期间颗粒物质量浓度及各水溶性离子浓度均比非沙尘期高,在粗粒子中表现更为明显;沙尘期间NO-3在粗粒子中明显富集,NO-3浓度显著升高;受沙尘影响,粗粒子中阳离子与阴离子的当量浓度比及NO2的二次转化率均明显升高.     

河北邯郸钢铁冶炼区周边麦田土和小麦籽粒的多环芳烃含量及其组分谱特征

在大型邯郸钢铁公司周边不同样区的麦田成对采集表层土壤和成熟的小麦籽粒样品,检测US EPA优控的16种母体多环芳烃(polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons,PAHs)的浓度和组分谱,确定当地麦田表土PAHs的空间分布特征、与总有机碳TOC分数的相关性.由此,初步开展PAHs源解析,并简单探讨小麦籽粒PAHs与表土PAHs的关联性.结果表明,麦田表土总PAHs平均中位数含量为398.9 ng·g-1(范围123.4~1 626.4 ng·g-1),根据丹麦的土壤质量标准,所有表土样品中PAHs总含量超过限值占18%,而苯并[a]芘含量超过限值的样品占总数的10%.表土PAHs组分谱以中、高环组分为主体.利用同分异构体特征比值进行初步源解析,显示煤与生物质燃烧和交通燃油(尾气)是当地PAHs主要混合排放源.各样区麦田表土TOC分数与PAHs总含量、与不同环数组分含量都呈现类似的显著正相关.邯郸钢铁公司周边麦田小麦籽粒的总PAHs平均中位数含量为27.0 ng·g-1(范围19.0~34.0 ng·g-1),PAHs含量较低且未超过欧盟与国内的相关食品卫生标准.小麦籽粒中优势低环组分占总体的84%,其组分谱分布与麦田表土有所不同,显示小麦籽粒的PAHs除去根部吸收、传输外,还存在大气干湿沉降通过叶表(气孔)进入小麦体内等其它输入途径.     

利用Cu-Fe复合金属氧化物净化水中的磷

研究了利用Cu-Fe复合金属氧化物净化水中磷的过程。实验结果表明,在吸附剂的制备过程中,加入Cu可以显著提高吸附剂对水中磷的净化效率,Cu的适宜加入量为Cu/Fe摩尔比1∶2。在磷净化过程中,p H值对Cu-Fe复合金属氧化物的净化效率有显著影响,较低的p H值有利于磷的净化;水中磷的净化率随吸附剂用量的增加而增加,适宜的投加量为0.2 g/100 m L;吸附剂对水中磷的净化速度较快,磷的吸附率在5 min内达到87.08%,吸附2 h达到平衡,磷的净化率为98.85%;Cu-Fe复合金属氧化物净化水中磷的吸附等温线符合Langmuir方程,磷的最大吸附量为11.36 mg/g。     

探析雨水花园在住区中的应用——以武汉市百步亭景兰苑小区雨水花园设计为例

城市的发展与扩张导致生物栖息地与农林用地的减少,同时大量不透水材料的应用,打破了雨水的良性循环,导致城市洪涝干旱年年发生.于是,雨水花园更为广泛的应用模式成为了城市建设者们探索的焦点.以武汉市百步亭景兰苑小区为例,该设计尝试将雨水花园与住区景观设计相结合,营造一个安全、生态、经济、美观的城市绿色住区环境.图1,参5.