酵母菌生物膜-水解酸化-BAF组合工艺处理高浓度三元驱废水

采用酵母菌生物膜-水解酸化-BAF生物组合工艺处理油田高浓度三元驱废水。实验结果表明:酵母菌生物膜具有降解污染物和调节水质的双重作用,可保障后续生物处理工艺的稳定运行。酵母菌生物膜、水解酸化及二级BAF的最佳HRT分别为18,12,36 h。工艺连续运行25 d,生物组合工艺对废水黏度、HPAM及COD去除率分别为80%、40%和69%。处理后出水ρ(石油类)<1 mg/L,ρ(SS)<5 mg/L,中位粒径<0.3μm,出水水质可达SY/T 5329—2012《碎屑岩油藏注水水质推荐指标及分析方法》回注标准。     

采空区开区注氮灭火温度场冷却过程的数值模拟

为研究开区注氮条件下,采空区遗煤自燃被抑制和熄灭作用复杂力学过程(原理),由非均质多孔介质中的渗流连续性方程、气体弥散方程和综合传热方程的联立,建立了注氮采空区煤自燃的非定常数值模型。结合实例,用迎风格式有限元方法求解。计算在不同情况下采空区自燃高温点熄灭过程,以图形方式给出了采空区的漏风流态、氮气流态,描绘灭火降温过程中,采空区氧、CO和温度分布的动态变化过程。提出了对自燃早期火灾施行开区注氮灭火的方法和适用的判定准则。理论计算得到开区注氮灭火分为两个阶段过程,即原火源熄灭和新自燃氧化区形成并自燃。指出实施开区注氮灭火应准确把握注氮时机和防止新自燃氧化区形成的工作面开采推进时机;并配合降低漏风措施条件下进行注氮。     

Spatial and temporal variations of river nitrogen exports from major basins in China

Provincial-level data for population, livestock, land use, economic growth, development of sewage systems, and wastewater treatment rates were used to construct a river nitrogen (N) export model in this paper. Despite uncertainties, our results indicated that river N export to coastal waters increased from 531 to 1,244 kg N km^?2 year^?1 in the Changjiang River basin, 107 to 223 kg N km^?2 year^?1 in the Huanghe River basin, and 412 to 1,219 kg N km^?2 year^?1 in the Zhujiang River basin from 1980 to 2010 as a result of rapid population and economic growth. Significant temporal changes in water N sources showed that as the percentage of runoff from croplands increased, contributions of natural system runoff and rural human and livestock excreta decreased in the three basins from 1980 to 2010. Moreover, the nonpoint source N decreased from 72 to 58 % in the Changjiang River basin, 80 to 67 % in the Huanghe River basin, and 69 to 51 % in the Zhujiang River basin, while the contributions of point sources increased greatly during the same period. Estimated results indicated that the N concentrations in the Changjiang, Huanghe, and Zhujiang rivers during 1980–2004 were higher than those in the St. Lawrence River in Canada and lower than those in the Thames, Donau, Rhine, Seine, and Han rivers during the same period. River N export will reduce by 58, 54, and 57 % for the Changjiang River, Huanghe River, and Zhujiang River in the control scenario in 2050 compared with the basic scenario.     

极限平衡区顶煤自燃三维非均质动态数值模拟

为探究极限平衡区内顶煤自燃规律,利用Fluent软件对顶煤自燃进行数值模拟研究。通过对顶煤移动变形及自燃特点的分析,确定顶煤自燃过程的模拟为三维非均质动态模拟,并建立数学模型,给出相关参数及边界条件的确定方法。以恒大矿某工作面为例,对其顶煤的自燃过程进行数值模拟,并分析工作面风量及煤体耗氧速度与自然发火期之间的关系。结果表明:对计算区域进行模拟所得到的速度场、氧浓度场及温度场与现场观测结果及理论结果比较吻合;工作面风量对煤体自然发火期影响较小,而对高温区域中心点位置影响较大;煤体耗氧速率与自然发火期近似成负指数函数关系。     

秦淮河流域句容水库农业流域水体沉积物的反硝化作用

2007年5、8、11月和2008年2月,在秦淮河流域句容水库农业流域的河流和水库中,采用自行设计制作的无扰动采样器采集了沉积物柱样,使用乙炔抑制法进行培养试验,并测定了沉积物上覆水的温度(T)、铵态氮(NH4+-N)、硝态氮(NO-3-N)和总溶解性氮(TDN)的浓度,以及沉积物有机质(OM)和全氮(TN)含量,研究了沉积物反硝化潜势的季节变化及其影响因素.结果显示,水体沉积物反硝化潜势存在显著的季节差异,河流沉积物的反硝化潜势范围在8.85～64.04pμg·m-2·h-1之间、水库沉积物的反硝化潜势范围在5.01～28.18μg·m-2·h-1之间.沉积物反硝化潜势的季节变化与上覆水的温度、NH4+-N、NO-3-N和TDN的浓度,及沉积物的OM和TN含量的季节变化有关.     

矿山开采沉陷可视化系统设计开发及岩移参数求取

依据矿山开采沉陷相关理论,以概率积分法数学模型为基础、运用基于实测数据求参原理与方法,结合相关软件设计开发了矿山开采沉陷可视化系统。为研究矿区地表移动变形分布及岩移参数求取提供了技术支持。结合系统应用实例,利用地表观测数据拟合求参,对该矿其他工作面及类似地质条件矿区开采沉陷预计提供借鉴作用。     

春季太湖地区大气主要含氮化合物浓度及其空间分布特征

为研究太湖地区大气中主要含氮化合物的污染水平及其空间分布特征,选取代表城市、城郊、农村3种不同土地利用类型的苏州、常熟、宜兴作为研究区域,采用中流量大气采样器采集3个研究区春季大气和颗粒物样品,分析各形态含氮化合物的浓度.结果表明:春季太湖地区大气中气态含氮化合物NH3、HNO3和NO2的平均浓度分别为25.77、4.33和6.23μg·m-3(以N计,下同).其中,农村地区大气NH3浓度显著高于城市和城郊地区,具体表现为农村城郊城市,HNO3、NO2浓度三地差异不显著;颗粒态TN、NH+4和NO-3平均浓度分别为13.21、7.55和4.75μg·m-3.其中,TN、NH+4浓度城市和城郊地区存在显著差异,均表现为城郊农村城市,NO-3浓度城郊地区显著高于城市和农村地区,但城市和农村差异性不显著.实验结果同时显示,春季太湖地区大气中TSP的平均浓度为0.15 mg·m-3,城郊地区因为受到农业与工业的共同影响,应成为防控含氮化合物污染的重点区域.     

受压浮煤自燃过程试验研究

矿井采空区遗煤自燃大部分为处于受压状态下的自燃。为观察压力对浮煤自燃过程的影响,采用自制的浮煤加载自燃试验装置对受压浮煤层与自然堆积状态下的自燃过程进行试验研究。结果表明:加载对浮煤的自燃过程确实存在一定影响。加载会加快浮煤层的升温速度,缩短自然发火期,降低最小浮煤层厚度,改变采空区"三带"的划分;加载对厚度介于0.8～1.2 m之间浮煤自燃过程影响最大;随着压力的增加,压力对浮煤自燃过程的影响逐渐减弱,当压力小于1 600 N时,压力的增加对浮煤自燃过程的影响较明显,当压力大于1 600 N时,压力的增加对浮煤自燃过程的影响变小,当压力大于2 600 N时,压力的增加对浮煤自燃过程几乎无影响。     

Field monitoring of a LID-BMP treatment train system in China

In order to assess the urban runoff control effectiveness of a low-impact development best management practice (LID-BMP) treatment train system, a field test of selected LID-BMPs was conducted in China. The LID-BMPs selected include three grassed swales, a buffer strip, a bioretention cell, two infiltration pits, and a constructed wetland. The test site is in a campus in southern China. The LID-BMPs, connected in a series, received stormwater runoff from four tennis courts with an area of 2808 m² and eight basketball courts with an area of 4864 m². Construction of the LID-BMPs was completed in early spring of 2012, and the sampling was conducted during May of 2012 to September of 2013. During the sampling effort, besides the performance evaluations of grassed swales and the bioretention cell in controlling runoff quantity as well as quality, the emphasis was also on determining the performance of the LID-BMP treatment train system. A total of 19 storm events were monitored, with nine producing no runoff and ten producing runoff. Data collected from the ten storm events were analyzed for estimating runoff quantity (peak flow rate and total runoff volume) and quality reduction by the LID-BMPs. The sum of loads (SOL) method was used for calculating the water quality performance of LID-BMPs. Results indicated that, for peak flow rate, a bioretention cell reduction of 50–84 % was obtained, and grassed swale reduction was 17–79 %, with a runoff volume reduction of 47–80 and 9–74 %, respectively. For water quality, the bioretention cell in general showed good removal for zinc (nearly 100 %), copper (69 %), NH₃-N (ammonia nitrogen) (51 %), and total nitrogen (TN) (49 %); fair removal for chemical oxygen demand (COD) (18 %); and poor removal for total suspended solids (TSS) (?11 %) and total phosphorus (TP) (?21 %). And its performance effectiveness for pollutant removal increased in the second year after 1 year of stabilizing. When considering the aggregated effect of the LID-BMP treatment train system, it showed excellent removal for NH₃-N (73 %), TN (74 %), and TP (95 %) and fair removal for COD (19 %) and TSS (35 %). The assessment results of the LID-BMP treatment train system provide valuable information on how to link the different types of LID-BMP facilities and maximize the integrated effectiveness on urban runoff control.