ISO14000与煤炭企业的可持续发展

本文结合煤炭企业的自身特点，论述了在煤炭企业开发ISO14000环境标准的重大意义和如何开发和实施ISO14000。此外，还就存在的问题提出了解决办法，以实现煤炭企业的可持续发展。     

城市固体废物的焚烧实验

 稳定均匀的燃烧温度是确保减少垃圾焚烧系统大气污染物排放量的一个重要因素.采用内旋流流化床(ICFB)进行了城市生活垃圾焚烧实验,探讨了不同的布风速度、垃圾焚烧量、流化床浓相区高度和不同种类垃圾对焚烧稳定性的影响,并给出了流化床内部温度和CO、NO_X、SO₂等大气污染物的浓度变化.内旋流流化床采用非均匀布风,低速风的移动区尚未流化时,浓相区温度存在一定的不均匀性,低速风区流速超过2倍初始流化速度后,浓相区温度是均匀一致的;流化床的床料具有较好的蓄热能力,较厚的床层有利于提高燃烧的稳定性,可减少垃圾给料和垃圾热值的波动对燃烧温度造成的不利影响;垃圾的焚烧效果与垃圾的热值有直接关系,焚烧低热值垃圾时,为了提高焚烧温度并达到较好的排放指标,需要增加一定量辅助燃料进行助燃;内旋流流化床在燃烧稳定性以及燃烧温度控制上具有一定优势.     

人工神经元网络对水处理系统建模适应性的研究

针对水处理系统的特点和研究中的难点，引入人工神经元网络的理论和思想，提出了水处理系统的神经网络分析方法．通过建立基于ＢＰ人工神经元网络的臭氧生物活性炭系统的模型，具体地考察了人工神经元网络对水处理系统建模的适应性，使水处理系统的研究迈向智能化和控制化．     

有机锡化合物测定方法研究进展

总结了有机锡化合物常用的测定方法，包括气相色谱－火焰光度法，气相色谱与原子吸收联用，气相色谱－微波等离子体发射光谱法，气相色谱－质谱法以及液相色谱与名种检测方法联用等。对样品前处理、衍生化方法、色谱分离及测定等也进行了讨论     

城市可持续发展环境经济评价及案例

基于城市发展测度演变的分析、明确真实储蓄作为城市可持续发展综合评价指标的经济学含义和政策意义：并针对世界银行在地区真实储蓄测算方法上的不足,重点探讨在真实储蓄测算中如何考虑城市开放性、资源折旧、环境污染损失评估计算的界定问题。文中还以烟台市为试点城市,利用真实储蓄及相关指标评价了该市不同发展时期的可持续发展水平。     

Enhanced organic phosphorus detection in sediments by foam separation and 31P-NMR

Phosphorus (P) is both a nutrient and a pollutant. For instance, excess P induces water eutrophication followed by death of fishes and other water life. Determination of organic P content in sediments is therefore important to study P cycling and environmental pollution. The most widely used method to determine organic P in sediments is NaOH–EDTA extraction followed by ³¹P-NMR detection. However, some organic P compounds are difficult to extract using NaOH–EDTA due to the low solubility, thus can not be detected by ³¹P NMR. Here, we used foam separation to determine organic P in sediment of North Canal of Tianjin City, China. Organic P was first enriched using foam separation coupled with NaOH extraction. The enriched organic P was then analyzed with ³¹P NMR. The results showed that, compared with the traditional extraction method, foam separation coupled with NaOH extraction enriched more P compound because ³¹P NMR detected an extra signal of teichoic acid at chemical shift 1.14. This teichoic acid signal was not detected in the extract prepared using only NaOH–EDTA. Our finding demonstrates that determination using foam separation followed by ³¹P NMR is feasible.     

Direct measurements of the drag force over aligned arrays of cubes exposed to boundary-layer flows

Wind tunnel measurements of the total drag force for aligned arrays of cubes exposed to two different boundary-layer flows at three flow velocities are discussed. The drag force for eight different building packing densities λ _p (from 0.028 to 1) is measured with a standard load cell generating a novel dataset. Different λ _p are reproduced by increasing the number of buildings on the same lot area; this represents a real situation that an urban planner is faced with when a lot area of a given (fixed) size is allocated to the development of new built areas. It is assumed that the surrounding terrain is uniform and there is a transition from a given roughness (smooth) to a new roughness (rough). The approaching flow will adjust itself over the new surface within a distance that in general may be larger than the horizontal length covered by the array. We investigate the region where the flow adjustment occurs. The wide range of packing densities allowed us to analyse in detail the evolution of the drag force. The drag force increases with increasing packing densities until it reaches a maximum at an intermediate packing density (λ _p  = 0.25 in our case) followed by a slight decrease at larger packing densities. The value of the drag force depends on the flow adjustment along the array which is evaluated by introducing the parameter “drag area” to retrieve information about the drag distribution at different λ _p . Results clearly suggest a change of the distribution of the drag force, which is found to be relatively uniform at low packing densities, while most of the force acts on first rows of the arrays at large packing densities. The drag area constitutes the basis for the formulation of a new adjustment length scale defined as the ratio between the volume of the air within the array and the drag area. The proposed adjustment length scale automatically takes into account the change in drag distribution along the array for a better parameterization of urban effects in dispersion models.     

口服纳米银对大鼠的生物有效性及其体内分布的研究

由于独特的抗菌特性,纳米银(AgNP)在诸多领域得到广泛应用,但是其生物有效性、动物组织分布及排出尚不清楚。将聚乙烯吡咯烷酮包被的AgNP溶液按照10 mg kg^-1给雌性SD大鼠灌胃,采用ICP-MS检测SD大鼠组织、粪便及尿液中总银浓度。实验结果表明,AgNP通过小肠吸收后,可以通过血液循环快速分布在肝、肾、脾、肺、脑等靶器官。灌胃后1 h,大鼠各组织中总银浓度达到最大值(肝、肾、脾、肺、脑中银浓度分别为0.29 ± 0.13 mg kg^-1、0.23 ± 0.04 mg kg^-1、0.17 ± 0.05 mg kg^-1、0.11 ± 0.01 mg kg^-1、0.06 ±0.02 mg kg^-1),之后银浓度随时间降低直至和对照组无显著性差异。在灌胃途径下,AgNP对SD大鼠的有效性为8.5%,且73%的AgNP是通过粪便的途径排出体外。     

秸秆与生物炭还田对土壤团聚体及固碳特征的影响

揭示秸秆与生物炭还田对团聚体有机碳含量、分布、稳定性以及相对贡献率的影响,有利于明确秸秆与生物炭还田下土壤碳库的稳定性及其保护机制.采用田间试验方法研究了油菜/玉米轮作模式下,秸秆与生物炭还田对土壤团聚体及固碳特征的影响.结果表明:(1)秸秆与生物炭还田各处理均能提高土壤有机碳含量,其中生物炭还田(BC、16.88 g·kg~(-1))、秸秆+生物炭还田(CSBC、17.37 g·kg~(-1))效果优于秸秆还田(CS、13.76 g·kg~(-1))和秸秆+速腐剂还田(CSD、14.68 g·kg~(-1)).(2)与对照(CK)处理相比,CS、CSD处理能显著地提高大团聚体(2 mm)含量,增加率为94.00%~117.78%,同时显著提高了水稳性团聚体的平均重量直径(MWD)、几何平均直径(GMD)、R0.25,降低了分形维数(D),提高了团聚体稳定性(P0.05).(3)随着团聚体粒径的增大,团聚体有机碳含量呈现先降低再增高然后再降低,且粉黏粒(0.053 mm)对土壤有机碳贡献率最高(29.61%~42.18%),大团聚体有机碳贡献率最低(9.19%~17.81%).除CSD处理外,CS、BC、CSBC处理降低了较大团聚体(2~0.25 mm)和微团聚体(0.25~0.053 mm)有机碳贡献率.秸秆还田促进土壤团聚作用效果优于生物炭还田,而生物炭还田提高团聚体有机碳含量效果优于秸秆还田,秸秆新碳主要向大团聚体内分配,秸秆+速腐剂还田还能促进较大团聚体内不同组分结合新碳,生物炭、秸秆+生物炭还田主要向微团聚体中富集.     

羟基自由基氧化降解水中土臭素的效率与机制

土臭素(Geosmin,GSM)是一种由蓝绿藻及放线菌产生,具有令人讨厌土霉味的化合物.地表水中存在土臭素,尽管量少,但因传统水处理工艺难以去除,大大降低了饮用水的感官质量.本文采用大气压强电场电离放电结合水力射流空化方式制备的羟基自由基(Hydroxyl radicals,·OH)对水中GSM进行氧化降解,研究了氧化剂投加剂量、接触时间因素的影响,并根据气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)全扫描获取的中间产物探讨了·OH氧化降解GSM的机制.实验结果表明:当氧化剂投加剂量为0.8 mg·L~(-1),管路中接触反应6 s,可把初始浓度100 ng·L~(-1)的GSM降解到10 ng·L~(-1)以下;提高氧化剂投加量至2.6 mg·L~(-1),接触反应180 s,可氧化降解500 ng·L~(-1)的GSM至10 ng·L~(-1)以下,达到我国《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749—2006).在GSM水样中加入叔丁醇(Tertiary butyl alcohol,TBA)·OH淬灭剂,GSM氧化降解效果明显降低,间接证明了降解GSM的主要物质为·OH.对氧化降解GSM的中间产物分析表明·OH可以破坏GSM双环结构并最终将其矿化成CO_2和H_2O.