海洋微生物胞外分泌物(EPS)对船用结构钢腐蚀行为的影响

目的研究微生物活性与船用钢DH32腐蚀行为之间的关系,并通过胞外分泌物的提取,研究分泌物浓度对材料腐蚀性能的影响。方法通过傅里叶红外光谱(FT–IR)分析胞外分泌物的组成,通过电感耦合等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-OES)分析金属离子的含量,并使用用原子力显微镜(AFM)观测去除腐蚀产物后的表面形貌。结果通过电化学阻抗谱的拟合分析,短期内,EPS通过阻碍溶解氧的扩散抑制腐蚀速度,EPS浓度越高,效果越好,即实验初期试样腐蚀的速度与EPS浓度成反比。随着时间的延长,EPS浓度低的溶液中,其EPS络合金属离子的能力很快达到饱和,所以尽管其络合行为能促进试样的阳极溶解,但影响作用有限,此时起到主要影响的还是EPS抑制溶解氧扩散。对于浓度高的EPS溶液,其过量的EPS会促进EPS的官能团与材料表面更多的Fe~(2+)/Fe~(3+)离子键合,使得沉积的EPS保护层变得疏松失去隔离溶解氧的作用,进而加速试样腐蚀。结论海洋微生物胞外分泌物对船用钢腐蚀行为的影响与胞外分泌物的结构与浓度有关,随着浓度升高,EPS从抑制腐蚀变为加速腐蚀。     

基于格网的河西绿洲乡村聚落时空演变及其与水土资源的空间耦合关系

基于1 km×1 km格网,论文综合运用景观指数、分散度、核密度、空间耦合关联等方法,研究河西走廊山丹县1998—2015年乡村聚落景观格局分异及时空演变特征,探讨绿洲乡村聚落与水土资源的空间耦合关系,结果表明：1）乡村聚落用地总面积扩张较快、空间分散化趋势明显,斑块数和斑块密度增大、平均斑块面积减小,乡村聚落景观指数在1998—2008年间相比2008—2015年间变化剧烈,后期逐渐趋于稳定;2）3个年份乡村聚落核密度空间分布格局基本一致,主干道路、渠系等线状地物沿线密集,外围区域稀疏,并以线状地物为中心向外呈阶梯状递减;3）1998—2008年乡村聚落分散度呈增加趋势,2008年后趋于稳定,乡村聚落空间分布由相对集中走向零星分散,聚落“散、空、乱”现象普遍;4）乡村聚落与耕地和渠系空间分布关系密切,存在显著的“耕地指向性”和“渠系指向性”;K指数1998年以“人多地少型”为主,2008和2015年转向“人少地多型”和“人地协调型”;L指数总体表现为“渠系偏多型”和“聚落-渠系协调型”。水土资源是约束和限制绿洲人口和聚落存在和发展的主要因素,人-水-土系统存在着高度的相互依存性和共生性。     

三峡工程运行对洞庭湖水环境及富营养化风险影响评述

洞庭湖的江湖关系受自然因素及人为因素影响,其江湖关系的变化影响洞庭湖水文、水质、水环境容量和营养状态.近年来洞庭湖的富营养化指数不断升高,但水环境变化及富营养化风险变化的原因错综复杂,如何区分三峡工程运行等人类活动和气候变化等自然因素对洞庭湖水环境、富营养化风险的影响是洞庭湖江湖关系研究的难点.根据近年来洞庭湖江湖关系、水环境或富营养化水平的相关研究,对洞庭湖由于三峡工程运行导致的江湖关系变化,以及该变化对洞庭湖水环境、富营养化风险的影响的研究进展进行系统梳理、分析、总结和评述.现阶段研究得出,三峡工程运行导致的江湖关系变化影响洞庭湖不同时段的水环境容量,在一定程度上改善了枯水期和泄水期洞庭湖水质;三峡工程运行后洞庭湖水体中的ρ（TP）有所降低,但洞庭湖湖体ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）仍相对较高,已能够满足藻类生长的需求,水华发生的制约条件是水体透明度和水流流速;江湖关系变化后洞庭湖富营养化风险增大的时段是蓄水期,其他时段富营养化风险减小;流速较低的东洞庭湖湖滩区、蓄水期流速降低明显的南洞庭湖滩区水华发生的风险增大,为水华发生的敏感区域.大型枢纽工程对通江湖泊污染物迁移转化影响的机理分析、对通江湖泊水环境影响的模拟及相关参数研究、对湖泊水环境及富营养化风险的长期影响等方面的研究还有待进一步完善.      

Effect of sulfur source on photocatalytic degradation performance of CdS/MoS2 prepared with one-step hydrothermal synthesis

Cd S/Mo S_2,an extremely efficient photocatalyst,has been extensively used in hydrogen photoproduction and pollutant degradation.Cd S/Mo S_2can be synthesized by a facile one-step hydrothermal process.However,the effect of the sulfur source on the synthesis of Cd S/Mo S_2via one-step hydrothermal methods has seldom been investigated.We report herein a series of one-step hydrothermal preparations of Cd S/Mo S_2using three different sulfur sources:thioacetamide,L-cysteine,and thiourea.The results revealed that the sulfur source strongly affected the crystallization,morphology,elemental composition and ultraviolet(UV)–visible-light-absorption ability of the Cd S/Mo S_2.Among the investigated sulfur sources,thioacetamide provided the highest visible-light absorption ability for Cd S/Mo S_2,with the smallest average particle size and largest surface area,resulting in the highest efficiency in Methylene Blue(MB)degradation.The photocatalytic activity of Cd S/Mo S_2synthesized from the three sulfur sources can be arranged in the following order:thioacetamideL-cysteinethiourea.The reaction rate constants(k)for thioacetamide,L-cysteine,and thiourea were estimated to be 0.0197,0.0140,and 0.0084 min~(-1),respectively.However,thioacetamide may be limited in practical application in terms of its price and toxicity,while L-cysteine is relatively economical,less toxic and exhibited good photocatalytic degradation performance toward MB.     

Comparative study of carbonic anhydrase activity in waters among different geological eco-environments of Yangtze River basin and its ecological significance

This study provides the presence of carbonic anhydrase(CA) activity in waters of the Yangtze River basin, China, as well as the correlation of CA activity with HCO-3 concentration and CO_2 sink flux. Different degrees of CA activity could be detected in almost all of the water samples from different geological eco-environments in all four seasons. The CA activity of water samples from karst areas was significantly higher than from non-karst areas(PP3-concentration(r = 0.672, P2 sink flux(r = 0.602, P = 0.076) in karst areas. This suggests that CA in waters might have a promoting effect on carbon sinks for atmospheric CO_2 in karst river basins. In conditions of similar geological type, higher CA activity was generally detected in water samples taken from areas that exhibited better eco-environments, implying that the CA activity index of waters could be used as an indicator for monitoring ecological environments and protection of river basins. These findings suggest that the role of CA in waters in the karst carbon sink potential of river basins is worthy of further in-depth studies.     

Occupational exposure assessment of phthalate esters in indoor and outdoor microenvironments

Phthalate esters(PAEs) are widely used as plasticizers in consumer products. PAEs are a group of environmental hormone which disrupts human and animals' endocrine systems. Different occupational groups are exposed to various levels of PAEs. In the present study, four typical occupational groups were chosen, including doctors, college teachers, college students, and drivers who worked in public traffic system. In order to understand the exposure levels to PAEs via inhalation, air samples were collected from multiple microenvironments including indoor and outdoor in Hangzhou to measure the gas and particle concentrations of six PAEs, together with time spent in different microenvironments of these four groups. A comprehensive PAEs exposure model was built to estimate the daily PAEs exposure through inhalation, oral and dermal pathways. The Monte Carlo simulation results show that doctors were exposed to the highest level of PAEs, and consequently had the highest health risk among these four occupational groups. In contrast, college students had the lowest health risk. By setting the exposure level of staying in residences as the baseline, doctors and drivers were two occupations exposed to high PAEs health risk. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate(DEHP) was the largest contributor among the six phthalates, posing moderate health risk(10-5–10-6) to every occupation. For traffic microenvironments alone, the total exposure levels for different transportation modes were in the descending order of busses, cars, cabs, tubes, motor bikes, and walking.     

Spatial and temporal variation of haze in China from 1961 to 2012

The purpose of this study is to analyze the climatic characteristics and long-term spatial and temporal variations of haze occurrence in China. The impact factors of haze trends are also discussed. Meteorological data from 1961 to 2012 and daily PM₁₀ concentrations from 2003 to 2012 were employed in this study. The results indicate that the annual-average hazy days at all stations have been increasing rapidly from 4 days in 1961 to 18 days in 2012. The maximum number of haze days occur in winter (41.1%) while the minimum occur in summer (10.4%). During 1961-2012, the high occurrence areas of haze shifted from central to south and east regions of China. The Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei (Jing-Jin-Ji) region, Shanxi, Shaanxi, and Henan Province are the high occurrence areas for haze, while the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) and the Pearl River Delta (PRD) have become regions with high haze occurrences in the last 25 years. Temperature and pressure are positively correlated with the number of haze days. However, wind, relative humidity, precipitation, and sunshine duration are negatively correlated with the number of haze days. The key meteorological factors affecting the formation and dissipation of haze vary for high and low altitudes, and are closely related to anthropogenic activities. In recent years, anthropogenic activities have played a more important role in haze occurrences compared with meteorological factors.     

Assessment of Potential Capability of Water Bamboo Leaves on the Adsorption Removal Efficiency of Cationic Dye from Aqueous Solutions

Removal of toxic pollutants from water and wastewater is becoming an important process with the increase of industrial activities. The present study focused on assessing the suitability and efficiency of water bamboo leaves (WBL) for the removal of cationic dye from aqueous solutions. The effect of different variables in the batch method including solution pH (2–12), initial dye concentration (50–250 mg L^?1), adsorbent dose (0.05–0.30 g), contact time (5–180 min) and temperature (283–333 K) on the dye removal was investigated. The adsorption kinetics was discussed in view of four kinetics models. The results showed that the pseudo-second-order kinetics model described dye adsorption on WBL very well. The experimental equilibrium data were also tested by four isotherm models. It was found that adsorption of dye on WBL fitted well with the Langmuir isotherm model, implying the binding energy on the whole surface of the adsorbent was uniform and the dye molecules onto the surface of the adsorbent were monolayer coverage. Calculation of various thermodynamic parameters of the adsorption process indicated feasibility and exothermic nature of dye adsorption.     

施用生物质炭对土壤腐殖质组成和胡敏酸结构特征影响

为研究玉米秸秆生物质炭施用后土壤腐殖质组成和土壤胡敏酸结构的变化,选择腐殖质组成修改法和国际腐殖质协会推荐的方法进行土壤腐殖质组分提取和HA样品纯化,采用重铬酸钾外加热法和TOC分析仪测定土壤、水溶性物质(WSS)、富里酸(FA)、胡敏酸(HA)和胡敏素(Hu)有机碳含量,采用元素组成和红外光谱分析HA的结构变化.研究结果表明:施入玉米秸秆生物质炭后,表层和亚表层土壤及其腐殖质组分有机碳含量均有不同程度的提高,表层土壤、WSS、FA、HA和Hu有机碳含量增加幅度较大,分别增加了83.61%、112.50%、89.63%、91.78%和89.82%,说明玉米秸秆生物质炭的施用更有助于表层土壤有机碳的积累;PQ值(HA在腐殖酸中的比例)略有增加;土壤HA的缩合程度和芳香性增强,氧化度降低.此外,施用玉米秸秆生物质炭后,土壤及其腐殖质组分有机碳含量随土层深度的增加而降低,与表层相比,亚表层土壤、WSS、FA、HA和Hu有机碳含量分别下降了62.84%、52.94%、62.38%、66.62%和61.61%;土壤PQ值略有降低;土壤HA的缩合程度和芳香性降低,氧化度增加.     

辽东湾海域生物体内石油烃污染状况

根据2013年8月对辽东湾海域拖网采集的127个生物体样品石油烃含量测试结果,结合历史调查数据,分析该海区生物体内石油烃含量水平、分布特征和变化趋势,评估生物体石油烃污染程度.结果表明:调查海区生物体内石油烃含量为2.76~41.81 mg·kg-1,平均为12.19mg·kg-1;整体石油烃含量具有软体腹足纲甲壳动物蟹类软体头足甲壳动物虾类鱼类,内脏组织高于肌肉组织的特点;生物体内石油烃含量与沉积物中石油烃含量存在显著相关性,与水体石油烃含量不存在明显相关性;年际变化趋势分析显示2012年软体类和甲壳类生物体石油烃含量高于2007年和2013年,表明调查海域2012年以前存在明显的石油烃输入;与国内其他海域相比,调查海域生物体石油烃含量较高.