Thermal decomposition of electronic wastes: mobile phone case and other parts

Pyrolysis and combustion runs at 850°C in a horizontal laboratory furnace were carried out on different parts of a mobile phone (printed circuit board, mobile case and a mixture of both materials). The analyses of the carbon oxides, light hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, polychlorodibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), and dioxin-like PCBs are shown. Regarding semivolatile compounds, phenol, styrene, and its derivatives had the highest yields. In nearly all the runs the same PAHs were identified, naphthalene being the most common component obtained. Combustion of the printed circuit board produced the highest emission factor of PCDD/Fs, possibly due to the high copper content.     

Physiological and biochemical responses of Microcystis aeruginosa to phosphite

Phosphorus (P) is a key biological element and limiting nutrient in aquatic environments. Phosphate (+5) is traditionally associated with the P nutrient supply. However, phosphite (+3) has recently generated a great deal of interest, because of the possibility that it is a P source based on recognition of its vital role in the original life of the early earth. This study investigated whether phosphite can be an alternative P source for Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806, one of the predominant bloom species in freshwater systems. The results indicated that M. aeruginosa could not utilize phosphite as a sole P-nutrient directly for cell growth at any concentration, but that phosphite could boost cell numbers and chlorophyll a (Chl-a) content as long as phosphate was provided simultaneously. Specifically, Chl-a production increased sharply when 5.44 mg P L⁻¹ phosphite was added to 0.54 mg P L⁻¹ phosphate medium. Analysis of the maximum yield of PSII indicated that phosphite may stimulate the photosynthesis process of cells in phosphate-phosphite medium. In addition, phosphite failed to support cell growth, even though it more readily permeated the cells in P-deficient medium than in P-sufficient medium. Alkaline phosphatase activity (APA) analysis indicated that, unlike organic P, phosphite inhibits the response of cells to deficient P status, especially under P-deprived conditions.     

Mercury, lead and cadmium in human milk in relation to diet, lifestyle habits and sociodemographic variables in Madrid (Spain)

Background

Although breastfeeding is the ideal way of nurturing infants, it can be a source of exposure to toxicants. This study reports the concentration of Hg, Pb and Cd in breast milk from a sample of women drawn from the general population of the Madrid Region, and explores the association between metal levels and socio-demographic factors, lifestyle habits, diet and environmental exposures, including tobacco smoke, exposure at home and occupational exposures.

Methods

Breast milk was obtained from 100 women (20 mL) at around the third week postpartum. Pb, Cd and Hg levels were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrometry. Metal levels were log-transformed due to non-normal distribution. Their association with the variables collected by questionnaire was assessed using linear regression models. Separate models were fitted for Hg, Pb and Cd, using univariate linear regression in a first step. Secondly, multivariate linear regression models were adjusted introducing potential confounders specific for each metal. Finally, a test for trend was performed in order to evaluate possible dose-response relationships between metal levels and changes in variables categories.

Results

Geometric mean Hg, Pb and Cd content in milk were 0.53 μg L⁻¹, 15.56 μg L⁻¹, and 1.31 μg L⁻¹, respectively. Decreases in Hg levels in older women and in those with a previous history of pregnancies and lactations suggested clearance of this metal over lifetime, though differences were not statistically significant, probably due to limited sample size. Lead concentrations increased with greater exposure to motor vehicle traffic and higher potato consumption. Increased Cd levels were associated with type of lactation and tended to increase with tobacco smoking.

Conclusions

Surveillance for the presence of heavy metals in human milk is needed. Smoking and dietary habits are the main factors linked to heavy metal levels in breast milk. Our results reinforce the need to strengthen national food safety programs and to further promote avoidance of unhealthy behaviors such as smoking during pregnancy.     

重金属污染土壤修复技术综述

土壤重金属污染是当前重要的世界性环境问题之一。随着重金属污染土壤场地日渐增多,如何安全有效地修复并利用这些受污染的土壤已成为我国急需解决的环境和社会问题。本文介绍了重金属污染土壤常用修复技术的原理、优缺点,并重点介绍了土壤淋洗修复技术,对目前淋洗剂的应用情况、作用机制进行了评价。     

耐高温反渗透膜在化工废水处理中的应用

以某化工工艺废水的超滤出水为原水,采用耐高温反渗透膜进行处理,考察了操作压力、废水pH、膜面流速及废水总铁质量浓度对耐高温反渗透膜产水通量及脱盐率(以电导率减小率计,下同)和TOC去除率的影响。实验结果表明,在操作压力为0.24 MPa、废水pH为7.60、膜面流速为2.0 m/s的最佳条件下运行4 200 min后,产水通量衰减约73%,反渗透系统的脱盐率为95%～97%,TOC去除率为83%～95%,出水电导率在50μs/cm左右,出水TOC为21～23 mg/L。     

基于RMP的事件型文化创意旅游产品开发

事件型文化创意旅游产品是当前文化创意旅游产品中最具吸引力的产品,其研发对当前旅游产业的转型与升级具有重要意义。从事件文化创意旅游产品的含义及其特征出发,分析了当前产品开发中资源认识不清、策划缺乏创新等问题,从而提出了RMP总体开发思路,以及正确认识产品资源本质、积极利用"触媒效用"等开发对策,为深度开发事件型文化创意旅游产品提供新的思路。     

滨海城市入境旅游的区域差异对比分析

采用SSM数学模型分析方法和变异系数,以入境旅游人数和旅游外汇收入为样本数据,从客源市场结构和旅游竞争力两个方面对比分析了1996—2007年大连、青岛我国北方两个具有代表性的滨海城市入境旅游的区域发展差异。结果表明,从客源市场和相对差异都可发现两个城市入境旅游的区域差异经历了"减小—增大"的演变过程,原因在于青岛便利的交通、独特的文化和区位优势,使青岛由落后效仿者变为领先者,充分发挥了厚积薄发的优势。     

Spatial distribution and sources of perfluorochemicals in the NW Mediterranean coastal waters (Catalonia, Spain)

This study provides the first evidence of the sources and loads of perfluorochemicals (PFCs) to the NW Mediterranean Sea. Five PFCs were analyzed in 45 seawater samples collected along the Catalan coast. Total PFCs ranged from 0.07 to 13.0 ng/l, being the levels higher in ports than in coastal waters. To determine the sources of PFCs, 8 wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) effluents and 6 rivers discharging to the sea were also analyzed. WWTP effluents contained total PFCs levels ranging from 3.47 to 132 ng/l but due to the relatively low discharge flows, they contributed to 34.7 g/d to the sea. Total PFCs in rivers ranged from 2.24 to 21.9 ng/l and were the principal PFCs contributors to the sea. Overall, a total load of 190 g/d of PFCs are discharged to the NW Mediterranean coast. The effects and risk of PFCs discharges to the Mediterranean basin are discussed.     

Gaseous and particulate water-soluble organic and inorganic nitrogen in rural air in southern Scotland

Simultaneous daily measurements of water-soluble organic nitrogen (WSON), ammonium and nitrate were made between July and November 2008 at a rural location in south-east Scotland, using a ‘Cofer’ nebulizing sampler for the gas phase and collection on an open-face PTFE membrane for the particle phase. Average concentrations of NH₃ were 82 ± 17 nmol N m^?3 (error is s.d. of triplicate samples), while oxidised N concentrations in the gas phase (from trapping NO₂ and HNO₃) were smaller, at 2.6 ± 2.2 nmol N m^?3, and gas-phase WSON concentrations were 18 ± 11 nmol N m^?3. The estimated collection efficiency of the nebulizing samplers for the gas phase was 88 (±8) % for NH₃, 37 (±16) % for NO₂ and 57 (±7) % for WSON; reported average concentrations have not been corrected for sampling efficiency. Concentrations in the particle phase were smaller, except for nitrate, at 21 ± 9, 10 ± 6 and 8 ± 9 nmol N m^?3, respectively. The absence of correlation in either phase between WSON and either (NH₃ + NH₄⁺) or NO₃^? concentrations suggests atmospheric WSON has diverse sources. During wet days, concentrations of gas and particle-phase inorganic N were lower than on dry days, whereas the converse was true for WSON. These data represent the first reports of simultaneous measurements of gas and particle phase water-soluble nitrogen compounds in rural air on a daily basis, and show that WSON occurs in both phases, contributing 20–25% of the total water-soluble nitrogen in air, in good agreement with earlier data on the contribution of WSON to total dissolved N in rainfall in the UK.     

氧化-絮凝耦合处理酸性大红废水的机理研究

用氧化-絮凝耦合法处理酸性大红GR废水,以高锰酸钾为氧化剂、聚硅硫酸铁为絮凝剂,脱色率达到94.9%,COD去除率达到55.2%.通过用倒置式生物显微镜观察絮体,对反应机理进行推测.对高锰酸钾与酸性大红之间氧化还原反应产物和氧化-絮凝耦合处理的絮体进行紫外和红外吸收光谱扫描分析,探讨了氧化-絮凝耦合的反应历程和机理:酸性大红被高锰酸钾氧化成小分子有机物而脱色,还原产物新生态水合二氧化锰胶体吸附小分子有机物,并被聚硅硫酸铁卷裹成紧密絮体,氧化与絮凝之间产生协同作用,从而有效去除了色度和COD.