太湖西山碧螺春茶园重金属含量分布与评价

对太湖西山碧螺春茶园典型坡地土壤重金属Cd、Hg、As、Pb、Cr和Cu含量进行测定,探讨坡度、土地利用等自然地理特征对土壤重金属元素分布的影响,并对照NY 5199-2002有机茶产地环境条件中给出的有机茶园土壤环境质量标准和GB 15618-1995土壤环境质量二级标准对茶园土壤重金属污染状况进行分析与评价.结果表明,除Hg以外,其他重金属元素均达到有机茶园土壤环境质量标准.以有机茶园土壤环境质量标准为评价依据,碧螺春茶园土壤重金属综合污染指数为0.78,表明其重金属污染水平为尚清洁,污染等级为警戒级,主要污染物为Hg.     

九寨沟自然保护区4种水深梯度下芦苇分株地上生物量的分配与生长

芦苇是世界自然遗产--九寨沟自然保护区的一种重要的湿地植物.本文对该地区芦苇海4个不同水深梯度下芦苇的无性系地上分株的生物量分配、生长与繁殖策略进行了比较研究.结果表明,在47 cm (水在土层表面上)水深环境中,芦苇单株的平均生物量(4.2 g)最大.在-15 cm (水在土层表面下15 cm)的生境中,叶生物量百分比(叶生物量占单株总生物量的百分比, 46.1%)最大.芦苇地上分株高度、地上分株有分枝的单株百分比(茎上有分枝的分株占样地总分株的百分数)也存在明显的差别.茎的生物量分配百分比和生长速率随水深的增加而增加.在滩地生境中,开花率、花序的生物量百分比明显大于水较深的生境.分株株高与分株生物量、茎生物量与叶生物量都表现出较明显的幂指数异速生长规律.在-15 cm水深的生境中,叶生物量的生长快于茎的增长;在其他水深梯度的生境中,则是茎生物量的增加快于叶生物量的增加.     

A novel biosorbent: characterization of the spent mushroom compost and its application for removal of heavy metals

The spent mushroom compost of Lentinus edodes was used as a biosorbent for adsorbing cadmium, lead and chromium from solutions under batch conditions for the first time. Titration of the biomass revealed that it contained at least three types of functional groups. The Fourier transform infrared spectrometry showed that the carboxyl, phosphoryl, phenolic groups were the main groups. The simulated values of pK, and molar quantity were 5.00 and 0.44 mmol/g, 7.32 and 1.38 mmol/g, 10.45 and 1.44 mmol/g, respectively. The biosorption ability increased with pH in acid condition. When 10 mg/L biomass dosage was added in, there was no significant increment of metal uptake. The maximum uptake estimated with the Langmiur isotherm model were 833.33 mg/g for Cd（ Ⅱ ）, 1000.00 mg/g for Pb（ Ⅱ ） and 44.44 mg/g for Cr（ Ⅲ ）, respectively. All the results showed that vast potential sorption capacity was existed in the biomass for adsorbing these three kinds of metals studied.     

Activity maintenance of the excised branches and a case study of NO2 exchange between the atmosphere and P. nigra branches

The efficient maintenance of the activity of excised branches is the powerful guarantee to accurately determine gas exchange flux between the detached branches of tall trees and the atmosphere. In this study, the net photosynthetic rate(NPR) of the excised branches and branches in situ were measured simultaneously by using two photosynthetic instruments to characterize the activity of the excised branches of Phyllostachys nigra. The ratio of normalized NPR of excised branches to NPR in situ was used to assess the photosynthetic activity of detached branches. Based on photosynthetic activity, an optimal hydroponics protocol for maintaining activity of excised P. nigra branches was presented:1/8 times the concentration of Gamborg B5 vitamin mixture with p H = 6. Under the best cultivation protocol, photosynthetic activity of excised P. nigra branches could be maintained more than 90% within 6 hr in the light intensity range of 200–2000 μmol/(m2·sec) and temperature range of 13.4–28.7°C. The nitrogen dioxide(NO2) flux differences between in situ and in vitro branches and the atmosphere were compared using double dynamic chambers.Based on the maintenance method of excised branches, the NO2 exchange flux between the excised P. nigra branches and the atmosphere(from-1.01 to-2.72 nmol/(m2·sec) was basically consistent with between the branches in situ and the atmosphere(from-1.12 to-3.16 nmol/(m2 sec)) within 6 hr. Therefore, this study provided a feasible protocol for in vitro measurement of gas exchange between tall trees and the atmosphere for a period of time.     

零价铁还原降解2,4-二硝基甲苯研究

研究了零价铁对2，4-二硝基甲苯(2，4-DNT)的还原降解情况。实验结果表明，2,4-DNT的还原降解率与溶液初始pH值、初始浓度、溶解氧含量和铁粉投加量等因素有关。2，4-DNT在还原过程中先生成2-氨基-4-硝基甲苯(2A4NT)和4-氨基-2-硝基甲苯(4A2NT)，最后被还原成2，4-二氨基甲苯(2，4-DAT)。     

不同土壤耕作方式下秸秆还田量对晚稻土壤养分与微生物的影响

在耕翻、少耕和免耕条件下研究了早稻秸秆还田量对晚稻土壤养分与微生物的影响,结果表明,①秸秆还田显著提高土壤有效磷和速效钾含量,对土壤碱解氮含量的提高体现在水稻生育后期;秸秆还田对土壤碱解氮和有效磷含量的提高效果在免耕条件下最好,而对速效钾含量的提高效果在少耕条件下最好;②不同耕作方式下宜实行不同秸秆还田量,就提高有效磷和速效钾含量而言,耕翻和少耕条件下宜实行全部秸秆还田,而免耕条件下宜实行2/3秸秆还田;③秸秆还田使土壤真菌和嫌气性细菌数量减少,放线菌和好气性细菌数量增加;耕翻使土壤真菌和嫌气性细菌数量减少,好气性细菌数量增加;④土壤耕作有利于晚稻生育前期与后期土壤微生物活度的提高,秸秆还田量对土壤微生物活度的影响在不同耕作方式下表现不同,耕翻条件下以2/3还田量处理的土壤微生物活度最高,而少免耕条件下1/3还田量处理最高.     

污染底泥修复研究探讨

文章概括介绍了污染底泥的修复技术及各自的特点,探讨了底泥修复中存在的问题及今后的发展趋势。目前底泥修复主要有物理修复、化学修复和生物修复三大类技术。物理修复见效快,但成本高;化学修复成本较低但易造成二次污染;生物修复投入低,处理量大,但处理效率低,难以见效。将这三类技术联合使用,取长补短,具有较广阔的发展前景。     

华西雨屏区不同密度巨桉人工林土壤呼吸特征

从2008-03至2009-02,采用闭合动态法(LI-6400-09)对华西雨屏区不同密度中龄巨桉人工林土壤呼吸进行了研究。结果表明:①该林分土壤呼吸具有明显的季节动态,各密度林分土壤呼吸速率最高值均出现在7月份,最低出现在1月,且密度为883株·hm^-2(1.5 m×8 m)的巨桉林土壤呼吸速率最大,2 222株·hm^-2(1.5 m×3 m)的最小;②2008年4、7、10月土壤呼吸速率24 h平均值均表现为883株·hm^-2> 1 333株·hm^-2> 2 222株·hm^-2,且7月>4月>10月;③土壤微生物生物量碳氮、土壤有机质含量和10 cm根系生物量都表现出相同的趋势,即林分密度越小,土壤微生物生物量碳氮越高,草本植物越多,根系生物量越大,有机质含量越多;④温度是巨桉林土壤呼吸变异的主导因子,土壤呼吸速率与土壤温度和湿度的双因素模型优于单因素模型,两者共同解释了土壤呼吸速率月动态的78.3%~91.5%;⑤各密度林分土壤呼吸Q₁₀值随巨桉林分密度增大而降低,大小顺序为3.65(883株·hm^-2)>2.60(1 333株·hm^-2)>2.55(2 222株·hm^-2)。     

江苏省印染污泥现状分析

对江苏省四大纺织基地进行调研,掌握了17家典型的印染企业污水处理量、污泥脱水及处置方式.同时,取样分析了印染污泥中重金属镉(Cd)、铅(Pb)、总铬(Cr)、铜(Cu)、锌(Zn)和镍(Ni)及含水率、低位热值、灰分和氯离子含量的变化情况.研究表明:采用板框压滤脱水的印染污泥平均含水率可达66.42%,便于焚烧处置;将近1/2的污泥低位热值低于污泥助燃焚烧的限值,需对污泥处理工艺和脱水方式加以改进;污泥处理过程中含氯药剂的加入使得Cl-含量波动较大,焚烧时需加强对二英的监测;17家印染企业污泥中重金属平均含量均低于江苏省城市污泥重金属平均含量,但Zn的含量却远高于评价标准.本文可为江苏省印染污泥焚烧及污染防治工作提供技术支持.