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211.
北京大气PM2.5中微量元素的浓度变化特征与来源 总被引:24,自引:7,他引:17
为了解北京大气细粒子中微量元素的污染水平和来源,在车公庄和清华园进行了连续1年、每周1次的PM2.5采样和全样品分析.微量元素浓度的周变化大,尤以冬季为甚,相邻2周最大相差达1.6倍;但除冬季的平均浓度较高之外,其季节变化并不显著.微量元素的富集因子在春季最低,反映了频繁发生的沙尘天气的影响.Se、Br和Pb的浓度比来自于北京A层土壤中的含量要高出约1000~8000倍,表明它们主要来自于人为污染.其中Se的富集度最高,反映了北京细粒子来自于燃煤污染的特征.Pb的年均浓度(0.31μg·m-3)虽然未超过WHO的年均标准,但与洛杉矶和布里斯班相比处于较高的水平;与Br、Se的比较分析表明,燃煤可能是Pb除机动车排放之外的另一个重要来源. 相似文献
212.
Monitoring the toxicity of phenolic chemicals to activated sludge using a novel optical scanning respirometer. 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
This paper reports the development of optical scanning respirometer for determining the toxicity of chemicals to activated sludge. The respirometer is used to measure the dissolved oxygen concentration by monitoring the luminescence intensity of ruthenium dye immobilized in a polymer film in contact with the wastewater sample. The intensity is related to the extent of oxygen quenching of luminescence. The toxicity of chemicals can be evaluated by measuring the inhibition on respiration rate of microorganism using the scanning respirometer. The IC50 values (concentration of a chemical that exhibits 50% respiration inhibition) of various phenolic chemicals in activated sludge were determined. The performance of this method is compared with other toxicity methods. The experimental results indicate that the reproducibility and sensitivity of this respirometer are reasonably good. 相似文献
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Heat rejection pressure plays an important role in designing a transcritical CO2 refrigeration system, and it has an optimal value to maximize the system’s coefficient of performance (COP). With a thermodynamic simulation model, the optimal heat rejection pressure is studied in the paper for an expander cycle, as well as conventional throttle valve cycle. The effects of compressor efficiency, expander efficiency, gas cooler outlet temperature, and evaporation temperature on the optimal heat rejection pressure are analyzed. It is the first time for a transcritical CO2 expander cycle that the optimal heat rejection pressure is correlated with the gas cooler outlet temperature and the evaporation temperature at given compressor efficiency and expander efficiency. The average deviation from the correlation to simulation results is less than 1.0%. The correlation provides a guideline to system development and performance optimization of a transcritical CO2 expander cycle. 相似文献
216.
Fozia Batool Shahid Iqbal Kim Wei Chan Muhammad Ilyas Tariq Afzal Shah Muhammad Mustaqeem 《Environmental Forensics》2015,16(1):1-6
Hair and nail samples from young Pakistani adults were separately analyzed for quantification of Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentrations. The concentrations of these metals were also analyzed in commonly consumed local foods to evaluate potential correlation of hair and nail concentrations with diet. Pearson correlation coefficients ranged from 0.349 to 0.999, demonstrating diet to be a significant contributor for accumulation of heavy metals in humans. 相似文献
217.
Chao Tai Shaodong Zhang Jing Wang Yongguang Yin Jianbo Shi Haoxian Wu Yuxiang Mao 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2017,15(3):515-523
Singlet oxygen (1O2) and hydroxyl radical (·OH) play an important role in the degradation of pollutants in surface waters. However, the mechanism underlying the photochemical generation of 1O2 and ·OH in wastewaters is poorly known. Here we studied the photo-induced generation of 1O2 and ·OH in different sewage treatment plant units. The correlation between the generation of 1O2 and ·OH and the water constituents was discussed. Our results show that in sewage units the 1O2 formation rate ranges from 2.19 × 10?8 to 6.74 × 10?8 mol L?1 s?1, and the ·OH formation rate ranges from 1.7 × 10?11 to 3.06 × 10?10 mol L?1 s?1. The average 1O2 formation rates in the various sewage units are similar to those in wetland and estuarine waters containing rich dissolved organic matter and 2–4 times higher than those in lake and seawater samples. The average ·OH formation rates of the sewage units are 5–50 times higher than for other water samples reported. The ·OH generation rate increased with the iron content with a correlation coefficient of 0.85, which indicates that the photo-Fenton reaction plays a dominant role in ·OH generation in sewage wastewater. 相似文献
218.
镉胁迫对向日葵幼苗生长和生理特性的影响 总被引:7,自引:0,他引:7
采用溶液培养方法,研究了不同浓度镉(0、0.05、0.1、0.5和1 mg/L)处理7 d对向日葵幼苗生长和生理特性的影响。结果表明:随着镉处理浓度的增加,向日葵幼苗对镉的吸收显著增加。1 mg/L镉浓度处理时,叶、茎和根中镉浓度分别为0.05 mg/L镉处理时的16.3、19.2和581倍;根中积累的镉含量明显高于叶和茎, 各浓度根部积累的镉分别为叶和茎的37.8~63倍和29.4~41倍。镉胁迫显著抑制向日葵幼苗生长和叶绿素合成,当镉浓度达1 mg/L时,整株植物生物量和总叶绿素含量分别为对照的55.9%和52.6%。镉胁迫下向日葵幼苗游离脯氨酸和丙二醛(MDA)含量显著增加,1 mg/L镉浓度时,根中含量分别为对照的4和5.8倍。向日葵幼苗可溶性蛋白含量和过氧化物酶(POD)活性变化与镉胁迫浓度呈明显的倒U字型关系,可溶性蛋白含量在0.05 mg/L镉浓度时达到最大值,叶、茎、根中的POD活性分别在0.1、0.1和0.05 mg/L镉浓度时达到最大值。 相似文献
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Due to material degradation in tubing, the heat exchanger for the primary coolant of the 1 MW Tsing Hua Open-pool Reactor has minor leakage to the secondary cooling system since 1970. In the past 20 years, trace amounts of 58,60Co, 51Cr, 137Cs, 54Mn, 46Sc, and 65Zn have leaked through the cooling system, accumulated, and eventually trapped in the discharge pond directly in front of the reactor. The distribution of these radionuclides in the mud at different depths and various locations in the pond was measured with standard procedures of radioactive soil sampling and counting techniques. Concentration of corrosion products, with no more than 40 KBq/Kg dry at the hottest spot, was contour-mapped to reveal the accumulation patterns of these trace level radioactive products at the end of the 20-year period. 相似文献