西藏中部河流、湖泊表层沉积物及其周边土壤重金属来源解析及风险评价

为了解西藏河流-湖泊体系沉积物重金属的污染特征、空间分布、潜在来源及生态风险,对西藏中部河流、湖泊表层沉积物及其周边土壤中As、Ba、Cd、Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mn、Mo、Ni、Pb、Sb、V、Zn、Al和Fe 16种重金属总量进行了分析,并利用主成分分析-绝对主成分分数-多元线性回归（PCA-APCS-MLR）受体模型定量解析了重金属的潜在来源.描述性统计分析表明,研究区As、Cd、Hg、Ni含量较高,其中Hg和As污染较为严重;富集因子、地累积指数、污染负荷指数均表明研究区Hg污染较重,其次是As、Cd、Ni;平均沉积物质量基准系数法与潜在生态风险指数结果表明,研究区受Hg、As、Cd、Ni污染,其中Hg污染较重.在空间分布方面,污染相对较重的区域主要集中在昂仁金错、堆龙曲及一些封闭型湖泊,其中As污染范围最广.PCA-APCS-MLR分析表明,沉积物重金属主要有3个来源,分别为自然来源、交通运输和大气传输以及地热活动和矿山开采等;Co、Cr、Cu、Hg、Mn、Ni、V、Zn、Al和Fe主要受自然因素影响;Ba、Mo、Pb主要受交通运输和大气传输影响;As几乎全部来自地热活动和矿山开采;Cd、Sb来源较为广泛,3个主要来源均有占比.土壤中Cd、Hg含量较高,可能受交通因素影响较大,同时还与工业排放后远距离输送所造成的大气污染有关.     

温室气体与大气污染物协同控制效应评估与规划

提出一套完整的温室气体与大气污染物协同控制效应评估与规划方法：首先,采用排放因子法分别计算减排措施（减排主体）对各类温室气体（全球污染物）和局地大气污染物减排量;其次,以《中华人民共和国环境保护税法》规定的污染物当量值、税额,以及碳排放权交易价格、IPCC发布的温室气体全球增温潜势（GWP）值等参数为依据,将全球和局地两类污染物归并为综合大气污染物排放量（Q_IAP）,或将2类污染物减排量归并为综合大气污染物协同减排量（ICER）,二者皆以综合大气污染物当量（IAPeq）计量;最后,采用协同控制效应坐标系、协同控制交叉弹性、单位污染物减排成本等评估指标和方法开展协同控制效应评估,绘制并依据边际减排成本曲线进一步开展协同控制成本-效果优化规划.应用此方法体系开展的钢铁、交通、电力等行业协同控制评估,城市协同控制规划,以及城市协同控制绩效评估的结果表明,该方法体系具有科学性、简明性和可操作性.     

A practical application of Driscoll's equation for predicting the acid-neutralizing capacity in acidic natural waters equilibria with the mineral phase gibbsite

A practical application of Driscoll's equation for predicting the acid-neutralizing capacity (ANC) in acidic waters equilibria with the mineral phase gibbsite is reported in this paper. Theoretical predication values of ANC are compared with the experimental data obtained from different literatures. The effect of aluminum (Al) on the value of ANC is investigated. It indicates that Al plays an important role in regulating the buffering effects in acidic natural waters. Failure to consider Al in acidic waters may bias assessment results in certain situations so as to overestimate the ANC values in response to increase in atmospheric deposition.     

Dynamics of aluminum speciation in forest-well drainage waters from the Rhode River watershed, Maryland

This paper reports an investigation of the dynamics of aluminum (Al) speciation in the forest-well waters from study site 110 of the Rhode River watershed, a representative sub-unit of Chesapeake Bay. Seasonal changes of Al speciation are evaluated by a modified MINEQL computer model using chemical equilibrium calculation. It was found that Al-F and Al-Org complexes were the dominate forms, whereas toxic forms of Al3+ and Al-OH were not significant. This indicates that Al toxicity is not very serious in the Rhode River area due to the high concentrations of fluoride and organic materials, even though sometimes pH is very low (approximately 4). Increased H+ or some other associated factors may be responsible for the decline in fish and amphibian population on the watershed.     

An evaluation of a river health using the index of biological integrity along with relations to chemical and habitat conditions

We evaluated the health condition of a temperate river during June-November 1999 through applications of the index of biological integrity (IBI) using fish assemblages and qualitative habitat evaluation index (QHEI) as well as chemical analyses. Overall IBI values ranged from 13 to 37 and averaged 23 (n = 25, standard error = 1.16), indicating a "poor" or "very poor" condition according to the criteria of modified Karr [Fisheries 6 (1981) 21]. The values of mean IBI declined at a rate of 0.22 km(-1) (R2 = 0.91, p < 0.05) along the longitudinal distance from the headwaters to the downstream sites. Reduced IBI values at downstream sites reflected low forest cover, high population density and high nutrient enrichments. Ecotoxicity tests using the river water also showed that toxic impacts were evident in the downriver sites. These factors resulted in decreases of riffle benthic species and insectivores and increases of tolerant species, anormalies and exotic species in the river. Spatial pattern in IBI agreed with QHEI values, which showed a linear relation (R2 = 0.998, p < 0.001) with species richness. Field measurements of conductivity and pH, an indicators for variation of conservative ions, showed that the river water was diluted by 40% fold by summer monsoon rain and surface run-off from the watershed, resulting in a physical and chemical instability during the monsoon. For these reasons, average IBI values during the monsoon and postmonsoon decreased >20% compared to the premonsoon, indicating that IBI values were also affected by flow regime. Based on the overall physico-chemical data and IBI values, the river health is rapidly degrading due to the combined effect of chemical contaminations and habitat modifications.     

Assessing the impact of urbanization on regional net primary productivity in Jiangyin County, China

Urbanization is one of the most important aspects of global change. The process of urbanization has a significant impact on the terrestrial ecosystem carbon cycle. The Yangtze Delta region has one of the highest rates of urbanization in China. In this study, carried out in Jiangyin County as a representative region within the Yangtze Delta, land use and land cover changes were estimated using Landsat TM and ETM+ imagery. With these satellite data and the BEPS process model (Boreal Ecosystem Productivity Simulator), the impacts of urbanization on regional net primary productivity (NPP) and annual net primary production were assessed for 1991 and 2002. Landsat-based land cover maps in 1991 and 2002 showed that urban development encroached large areas of cropland and forest. Expansion of residential areas and reduction of vegetated areas were the major forms of land transformation in Jiangyin County during this period. Mean NPP of the total area decreased from 818 to 699 gCm(-2)yr(-1) during the period of 1991 to 2002. NPP of cropland was only reduced by 2.7% while forest NPP was reduced by 9.3%. Regional annual primary production decreased from 808 GgC in 1991 to 691 GgC in 2002, a reduction of 14.5%. Land cover changes reduced regional NPP directly, and the increasing intensity and frequency of human-induced disturbance in the urbanized areas could be the main reason for the decrease in forest NPP.     

Assessment of comparative toxicities of lead and copper using plant assay

The acute toxicities of lead (Pb) and copper (Cu) to important crop plants Sorghum bicolor, Cucumis sativus, Triticum aestivum, and Zea mays were compared. The EC50 values (the concentration of metals in the soil that reduces the growth of shoots and roots by 50%) were derived using the Trimmed Spearman-Karber method. The EC50s-shoot (root) in mg Pb kg-1 dry soil and mg Cu kg-1 dry soil were in the range of 519 to >1280 (285-445), and 48-232 (<40-110), respectively. Those concentrations are likely to occur in some abandoned mine areas in Korea. The figures indicate that Cu is more toxic than Pb to the plants in this study, and that root growth is more sensitive to the toxicity endpoint than shoot growth in Cu- or Pb-amended soils. On the other hand, seed germination is insensitive to both Pb and Cu toxicities. The Pb- and Cu-sensitive plants were also identified. Among the plants tested, T. aestivum and S. bicolor were most sensitive to Pb and Cu, respectively. Z. mays was most resistant to both Pb and Cu. The combined effects of Pb and Cu depend on the plant species, and no general phenomenon was observed. Bioaccumulations of Pb and Cu were observed in all test species, and they are concentration-dependent. These differences in the toxicities of Pb and Cu in plant species should be taken into account in biomonitoring and ecological risk assessment.     

杂色云芝对2种染料的脱色条件研究

比较了2种不同液体限氮培养基中杂色云芝对酸性品红和亚甲基蓝的脱色效果,确定了最佳接种量。优化出的基本参数为T=34℃、进料浓度200mg/L、pH=4.5。实验结果表明:杂色云芝对进水的酸碱度具有很强的适应性,从pH2.5到10.5比较宽的区间内保持了比较稳定的高脱色率,这一点对于工程应用具有实际意义。     

外源稀土在土壤中的形态转化研究

研究了外源可溶性稀土进入土壤后的形态分布及形态转化的时间进程。外源稀土进入土壤（华北潮土）后迅速向各个形态转化,实验进行了６０ｄ,稀土形态在此期间的变化结果表明：交换态迅速下降;碳酸盐结合态的变化情况与交换态基本相同,只是下降的幅度较交换态小;铁锰氧化物结合态生微弱地上升,然后逐步下降;有机结合态则先稳定再逐步升高,外源稀土可在此态积累;残渣态在实验期内基本稳定,无明显变化。     

全国污染物排放申报登记信息管理系统（SBMIS）在新疆的应用

１９９７年,我区利用全国排污申报登记信息管理系统完成了全区范围的污染物排放申报登记工作,在此基础上,我们对ＳＢＭＩＳ系统的功能及应用范围做了认真研究,分析了该系统在使用过程中存在的问题,展望了其应用前景。