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Toxicity of two types of silver nanoparticles to aquatic crustaceans Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Irina Blinova Jukka Niskanen Paula Kajankari Liina Kanarbik Aleksandr Käkinen Heikki Tenhu Olli-Pekka Penttinen Anne Kahru 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2013,20(5):3456-3463
Although silver nanoparticles (NPs) are increasingly used in various consumer products and produced in industrial scale, information on harmful effects of nanosilver to environmentally relevant organisms is still scarce. This paper studies the adverse effects of silver NPs to two aquatic crustaceans, Daphnia magna and Thamnocephalus platyurus. For that, silver NPs were synthesized where Ag is covalently attached to poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP). In parallel, the toxicity of collargol (protein-coated nanosilver) and AgNO3 was analyzed. Both types of silver NPs were highly toxic to both crustaceans: the EC50 values in artificial freshwater were 15–17 ppb for D. magna and 20–27 ppb for T. platyurus. The natural water (five different waters with dissolved organic carbon from 5 to 35 mg C/L were studied) mitigated the toxic effect of studied silver compounds up to 8-fold compared with artificial freshwater. The toxicity of silver NPs in all test media was up to 10-fold lower than that of soluble silver salt, AgNO3. The pattern of the toxic response of both crustacean species to the silver compounds was almost similar in artificial freshwater and in natural waters. The chronic 21-day toxicity of silver NPs to D. magna in natural water was at the part-per-billion level, and adult mortality was more sensitive toxicity test endpoint than the reproduction (the number of offspring per adult). 相似文献
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Increasing oil transportation and severe oil accidents in the past have led to the development of various sensitivity maps
in different countries all over the world. Often, however, the areas presented on the maps are far too large to be safeguarded
with the available oil combating equipment and prioritization is required to decide which areas must be safeguarded. While
oil booms can be applied to safeguard populations from a drifting oil slick, decision making on the spatial allocation of
oil combating capacity is extremely difficult due to the lack of time, resources and knowledge. Since the operational decision
makers usually are not ecologists, a useful decision support tool including ecological knowledge must be readily comprehensible
and easy to use. We present an index-based method that can be used to make decisions concerning which populations of natural
organisms should primarily be safeguarded from a floating oil slick with oil booms. The indices take into account the relative
exposure, mortality and recovery potential of populations, the conservation value of species and populations, and the effectiveness
of oil booms to safeguard different species. The method has been implemented in a mapping software that can be used in the
Gulf of Finland (Baltic Sea) for operational oil combating. It could also be utilized in other similar conservation decisions
where species with varying vulnerability, conservational value, and benefits received from the management actions need to
be prioritized. 相似文献
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Salles Maurício B. C. Gadotti Taina N. Aziz Michael J. Hogan William W. 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2021,28(10):12357-12368
Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The operation in energy arbitrage markets is an attractive possibility to energy storage systems developers and owners to justify an investment in... 相似文献
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Hannu Anttonen Juhani Niskanen Harriet Meinander Volkmar Bartels Kalev Kuklane Randi E Reinertsen Sabine Varieras Krzysztof So?tyński 《International journal of occupational safety and ergonomics》2004,10(3):291-300
According to the European prestandard ENV 342:1998, the thermal insulation of cold-protective clothing is measured with a thermal manikin. Systematic studies on the reproducibility of the values, measured with different types of clothing on the commonly used standing and walking manikins, have not been reported in the literature. Over 300 measurements were done in 8 different European laboratories. The reproducibility of the thermal insulation test results was good. The coefficient of variation was lower than 8%. The measured clothing should fit the manikin precisely, because poorly fitting clothing gave an error in the results. The correlation between parallel and serial insulation values was excellent and parallel values were about 20% lower than serial ones. The influence of ambient conditions was critical only in the case of air velocity. The reproducibility of thermal insulation test results in a single laboratory was good, and the variation was lower than 3%. 相似文献
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Simone Manfredi Antti Niskanen Thomas H. Christensen 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2009,29(5):1588-1594
The current landfill gas (LFG) management (based on flaring and utilization for heat generation of the collected gas) and three potential future gas management options (LFG flaring, heat generation and combined heat and power generation) for the Old Ämmässuo landfill (Espoo, Finland) were evaluated by life-cycle assessment modeling. The evaluation accounts for all resource utilization and emissions to the environment related to the gas generation and management for a life-cycle time horizon of 100 yr. The assessment criteria comprise standard impact categories (global warming, photo-chemical ozone formation, stratospheric ozone depletion, acidification and nutrient enrichment) and toxicity-related impact categories (human toxicity via soil, via water and via air, eco-toxicity in soil and in water chronic).The results of the life-cycle impact assessment show that disperse emissions of LFG from the landfill surface determine the highest potential impacts in terms of global warming, stratospheric ozone depletion, and human toxicity via soil. Conversely, the impact potentials estimated for other categories are numerically-negative when the collected LFG is utilized for energy generation, demonstrating that net environmental savings can be obtained. Such savings are proportional to the amount of gas utilized for energy generation and the gas energy recovery efficiency achieved, which thus have to be regarded as key parameters. As a result, the overall best performance is found for the heat generation option – as it has the highest LFG utilization/energy recovery rates – whereas the worst performance is estimated for the LFG flaring option, as no LFG is here utilized for energy generation.Therefore, to reduce the environmental burdens caused by the current gas management strategy, more LFG should be used for energy generation. This inherently requires a superior LFG capture rate that, in addition, would reduce fugitive emissions of LFG from the landfill surface, bringing further environmental benefits. 相似文献
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