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Deborah A. Hutchinson Alan H. Savitzky Akira Mori Gordon M. Burghardt Jerrold Meinwald Frank C. Schroeder 《Chemoecology》2012,22(3):199-206
Rhabdophis tigrinus is an Asian natricine snake that possesses unusual defensive glands on the dorsal surface of its neck. These nuchal glands typically contain cardiotonic steroidal toxins known as bufadienolides, which are also abundant in the skin of toads. Feeding experiments demonstrated that toads consumed as prey are the ultimate sources of the bufadienolides in nuchal glands of R. tigrinus. Indeed, snakes on a toad-free Japanese island (Kinkasan, Miyagi Prefecture) lack these compounds in their nuchal glands, confirming that these snakes are unable to synthesize defensive bufadienolides. However, when snakes from Kinkasan are fed toads in the laboratory, they accumulate bufadienolides in their nuchal glands, indicating that they have not lost the ability to sequester defensive compounds from prey. In contrast, R. tigrinus from a toad-rich island (Ishima, Tokushima Prefecture) possess large quantities of bufadienolides, reflecting the abundance of toads from which these compounds can be sequestered. Feeding experiments involving gravid R. tigrinus demonstrated that bufadienolides can be provisioned to offspring so that hatchlings are chemically defended before their first toad meal. Maternal provisioning of bufadienolides can take place through two routes: by deposition in yolk and by diffusion in utero, even late in gestation. We applied bufadienolides to the surface of eggs from Kinkasan and found that the embryos are able to take up these compounds into their nuchal glands, demonstrating the feasibility of uptake across the eggshell. Female R. tigrinus provision bufadienolides to their offspring in direct proportion to their own level of chemical defense. By feeding toad-derived bufotoxins to R. tigrinus hatchlings, we determined that the sequestration of these compounds involves at least three types of modification: hydrolytic cleavage of suberylarginine side chains, hydroxylation, and epimerization. 相似文献
33.
A blend of regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and poly{[N,N'-bis(2-octyldodecyl)-naphthalene-1,4,5,8-bis(dicarboximide)-2,6-diyl]-alt-5,5'-(2,2'-bithiophene)} (P(NDI2OD-T2), which has the potential for polymer solar cells application, was prepared for current mode atomic force microscopy (C-AFM) measurements in this study. Phase-separated domains and the local electrical characteristics of P3HT/P(NDI2OD-T2) blends were investigated by the C-AFM. 相似文献
34.
Risky Ayu Kristanti Masahiro Kanbe Tadashi Toyam Yasuhiro Tanak Yueqin Tang Xiaolei Wu Kazuhiro Mori 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2012,24(5):800-807
We investigated the biodegradation of 2-nitrophenol (2-NP), 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), and 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) in the rhizosphere of Spirodela polyrrhiza plants by conducting degradation experiments with three river water samples supplemented with each nitrophenol (NP). We then isolated NP-degrading bacteria both from the S. polyrrhiza roots and from the river water. In the river water samples, removal of the three NP was accelerated in the presence of S. polyrrhiza plants. The three NPs persisted in an autoclaved solution with sterile plants suggests that NP removal was accelerated largely by bacterial NP biodegradation rather than by adsorption and uptake by the plants. We isolated 8 strains of NP-degrading bacteria: 6 strains from the S. polyrrhiza roots and 2 strains from river water without the plants. The 2-NP- and 2,4-DNP-degrading bacteria were isolated only from the S. polyrrhiza roots. The 4-NPdegrading bacteria different from those isolated from the river water samples were also found on S. polyrrhiza roots. The 2-NP- and 4-NP-degrading strains isolated from the roots utilized the corresponding NP (0.5 mmol/L) as the sole carbon and energy source. The 2,4-DNP-degrading strains isolated from the roots showed substantial 2,4-DNP-degrading activity, but the presence of other carbon and energy sources was required for their growth. The isolated NP-degrading bacteria from the roots must have contributed to the accelerated degradation of the three NPs in the rhizosphere of S. polyrrhiza. Our results suggested that rhizoremediation with S. polyrrhiza may be effective for NP-contaminated surface water. 相似文献
35.
Adsorption removal of pollutants by active cokes produced from sludge in the energy recycle process of wastes 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
This study proposes a recycling system of sludge into active cokes and the fundamental examinations for the application were carried out. In the system, active cokes were produced by carbonizing pellets of sludge in a steam stream. Pyrolysis gas yielded by carbonization can be available to a fuel for a steam generation boiler. The exhaust heat from the boiler is used sequentially for drying of sludge. The active cokes are applied to the adsorbent for dioxin removal in exhaust gas from incinerators of wastes, or for purification of gas obtained in a gasification process of wastes, particularly removal of H2S. The used adsorbent is not recycled, but incinerated in the furnace without a desorption process to decompose adsorbed dioxin or to oxidize H2S for a sequential desulfurization process of SO2. Dry pellets of sludge were carbonized in a quartz tube reactor under various atmospheres. The micro pore structure and the adsorption performance of the cokes produced without activation process were examined. The micro pore structure was influenced by the temperature, the sort of flow gas (N2, CO2 and steam) and carbonization time, and the active cokes produced under the condition of the temperature 823 K for 60 min in the steam atmosphere had a largest specific surface area in the diameter less than 5 nm. The amount of benzene adsorption as an alternative substance of dioxin into the active cokes had a similar quality to a commercial active char produced from coal if it was evaluated by adsorption per a unit specific surface area. This fundamental knowledge must be reflected to an optimum design for development of a simple continuous process to produce the active cokes by a fluidized bed type of the carbonization furnace. 相似文献
36.
Morpho-functional features potentially involved in defence mechanisms against fish predators (i.e. attachment tenacity, spine length, and test robustness and thickness) have been assessed in two Mediterranean sea urchins, Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula. All four morpho-functional features were significantly and positively related to individual size for both species of sea urchins. Test robustness (i.e. static load needed to break sea urchin tests) was significantly greater for A. lixula (from 3,450 to 15,000 g depending on size) than for P. lividus (1,180–11,180 g). Attachment tenacity (i.e. force needed to dislodge sea urchins from the rocky substrate) was greater in A. lixula (280–3,300 g) than in P. lividus (110–1,450 g), and the difference tended to decrease in relation to smaller sea urchin size. Spine length was greater in A. lixula (1.5–2.9 cm) than in P. lividus (0.5–2.3 cm), but the difference decreased for larger sea urchin size. Test thickness was slightly greater (but not significantly) in A. lixula (0.35–1.10 mm) than in P. lividus (0.12–0.90 mm). These results provide evidence that morpho-functional features of sea urchins could be involved in affecting predation rates by fishes upon P. lividus and A. lixula, with potential implications for the population structure and distribution patterns of the two sea urchins in shallow rocky reefs.Communicated by R. Cattaneo-Vietti, Genova 相似文献
37.
Hiroko Nakamura Shingo Ii Hidenori Chida Ken Friedl Shinji Suzuki Junichiro Mori Yuya Kajikawa 《Sustainability Science》2014,9(2):193-204
Awareness is needed of sustainability issues that are currently neglected but potentially important. A computer-based approach can highlight unconscious and neglected areas because it can structure vast amounts of knowledge. In this article, we propose a methodology to perceive unconscious areas of sustainability with the support of a computer-based approach, which creates a matrix, named the recognized-unrecognized matrix, which highlights both local and globally neglected problems. A case study is conducted to consider the potential contribution of the aviation industry to sustainability issues. We demonstrate that a citation network analysis is an effective methodology to chart the recognized-unrecognized matrix. We highlight issues of water use in the aviation industry by designing an innovative water and air circulation system, which significantly reduces water and fuel consumption on board airplane flights. We also suggest a new approach to integrating both explicit and tacit knowledge to enable knowledge creation. 相似文献
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40.
K. Mori 《Marine Biology》1979,51(4):361-369
The morphology of the primary tube feet in 15 species of comatulid (unstalked) crinoids from coral reefs in the Palau Islands and Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef, was investigated using close-up underwater photographs of the tube feet taken in the natural habitat. Measurements of length of the tube feet and their spacing along the pinnule were taken from these photographs. Tube feet of species of the family Comasteridae have a mean length of 0.75 mm and a mean spacing of 6 tube feet mm-1. Tube feet of non-comasterid species occurring in the same environments have a mean length of 0.55 mm and a mean spacing of about 8 tube feet mm-1. The relationship between spacing and length of the tube feet is highty significant for both the Palau and Lizard Island samples (P<0.01). Species having longer and more widely spaced tube feet live partly concealed within the infrastructure of the reef and hold the arms and pinnules in a multidirectional posture. Species having shorter and more closely spaced tube feet perch on top of reef pinnacles or alcyonarians and form planar filtration fans normal to unidirectional currents or wave oscillations. Longer and more widely spaced tube feet in species dwelling within the reef infrastructure provide more efficient filtration in the slow, meandering flow prevailing there. Closer spacing of the tube feet in species exposed to near-mainstream flow provides a more efficient filtration mechanism at higher flow velocities. Reduced length of the tube feet in these species may be a consequence of closer spacing of the pinnules. Differentiation of these co-occurring species in spacing and length of the tube feet implies differentiation in food particles captured. This may in some cases constitute resource partitioning. Most species which overlap in living habits are significantly different in spacing and length of the tube feet. 相似文献