The ‘I see you’ prey–predator signal of Apis cerana is innate

An ‘I see you’ (ISY) prey–predator signal can co-evolve when such a signal benefits both prey and predator. The prey benefits if, by producing the signal, the predator is likely to break off an attack. The predator benefits if it is informed by the signal that the prey is aware of its presence and can break off what is likely to be an unsuccessful and potentially costly hunt. Because the signal and response co-evolve in two species, the behaviour underlying an ISY signal is expected to have a strong genetic component and cannot be entirely learned. An example of an ISY signal is the ‘shimmering’ behaviour performed by Asian hive bee workers in the presence of their predator Vespa velutina. To test the prediction that bee–hornet signalling is heritable, we let honey bee workers of two species emerge in an incubator so that they had never been exposed to V. velutina. In Apis cerana, the shimmering response developed 48 h post-emergence, was strong after 72 h and increased further over 2 weeks. In contrast, A. mellifera, which has evolved in the absence of Asian hornets, did not produce the shimmering signal. In control tests, A. cerana workers exposed to a non-threatening butterfly did not respond with the shimmering signal.     

生态影响评价中生境评价方法

生态影响评价是环境影响评价的重要分支，生境评价方法是生态影响证件 主要方法。美国是较早开展生态影响评价的国家，发展了一批生境评价方法。本文系统介绍了美国两种最常用的生境评价方法－生境评价系统和生境评价程序，并简要对比介绍其它方法，为我国开展生态影响评价提供一定理论参考。     

开发小区地面水环境影响评价技术

开发小区的建设会给区域环境尤其是区域地面水环境带来与单项工程建设不同的更大影响。本文重点探讨了开发小区废水排放量和废水中污染物排放量的预测方法，并根据各开发小区废水去向的不同考查了其对受纳（水）体的影响。     

16.5米水面垃圾收集船设计

水面垃圾收集船在我国尚不多见，本文全面地介绍了华南地区第一艘１６．５米液压操纵水面垃圾收集船的概况、性能及主要特别，对开发我国水面垃圾收集船提供了宝贵的经验。     

Decomposition of simulated odors in municipal wastewater treatment plants by a wire-plate pulse corona reactor

Decomposition of simulated odors in municipal wastewater treatment plants was investigated experimentally by a wire-plate pulse corona reactor. A new type of high pulse voltage source with a thyratron switch and a Blumlein pulse forming network (BPFN) was adopted in our experiments, and the testing malodorants were ammonia, ethanethiol and tri-methyl amine, respectively. The maximum output power of the pulse voltage source and the maximum peak voltage were 1 kW and 100 kV. The experiments were conducted at the gas-flow rate of 4.0-23.0 m3 h(-1). Important parameters, including peak voltage, pulse frequency, capacitance (inductance) of the BPFN, gas-flow rate, initial concentration, which influenced on the removal efficiency, were investigated. The results show that the odors can be treated effectively. Almost 100% removal efficiency was obtained for 32 mg m(-3) ammonia at the gas-flow rate of 4.0 m(3) h(-1). The maximum removal efficiencies of 85 mg m(-3) ethanethiol and 750 mg m(-3) tri-methyl amine at 10.0 m(3) h(-1) were 98% and 91%, respectively. The energy yield of 110 mg m(-3) ammonia was 2.99 g kWh(-1) when specific energy density was 106 Jl(-1). In the cases of ammonia, ethanethiol and tri-methyl amine removal, ozone and nitrogen oxides were observed in the exit gas. The carbon and sulfur elements of ethanethiol and tri-methyl amine were mainly converted to carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide. Moreover, the ammonium nitrates and sulfur were discovered in the reactor.     

Aerosol laser ablation mass spectrometry of suspended powders from PM sources and its implications to receptor modeling

Primary sources of particulate matter (PM) were analyzed by suspending powdered samples into an aerosol laser ablation mass spectrometer (LAMS). PM sources studied included vehicle exhaust particulates, dust from a non-ferrous smelter, cement powder, incinerator fly ash, two coal fly ash samples, and two soils. Marker peaks signified certain PM source sectors: construction particles could be distinguished by abundant Ca and Ca compounds, fuel combustion was marked by elemental carbon clusters, and nonferrous industrial particles showed inorganic As, Cu, Pb, Zn, and SOx. In addition to the distinction between particles from these different source sectors, mass spectral results also showed that for a single source, different particle types existed, and among different sources within a sector, similar spectra were present. The aerosol LAMS results show the difficulty in differentiating among separate fly ash sources as well as among different soil samples. A particle class balance receptor model that measures the amount of specific particle types rather than the amount of a chemical component is suggested as a means of source apportionment when particle spectra with overlapping source possibilities occur. The assumptions and limitations of receptor modeling aerosol LAMS data are also described. In particular, methods need to be developed to account for the contribution of secondary sources.     

Chapter one: exposure measurements

Determining human exposure to suspended particulate concentrations requires measurements that quantify different particle properties in microenvironments where people live, work, and play. Particle mass, size, and chemical composition are important exposure variables, and these are typically measured with time-integrated samples on filters that are later submitted to laboratory analyses. This requires substantial sample handling, quality assurance, and data reduction. Newer technologies are being developed that allow in-situ, time-resolved measurements for mass, carbon, sulfate, nitrate, particle size, and other variables. These are large measurement systems that are more suitable for fixed monitoring sites than for personal applications. Human exposure studies need to be designed to accomplish specific objectives rather than to serve too many purposes. Resources need to be divided among study design, field sampling, laboratory analysis, quality assurance, data management, and data analysis phases. Many exposure projects allocated too little to the non-measurement activities.     

大气环境影响评价中理解和执行国家标准的几个问题

就大气环境影响评价中理解和执行ＧＢ／Ｔ１３２０１－９１、ＧＢ３０９５－８２的几个问题提出了看法和建议。     

复合改性膨润土固定尾矿中Zn的研究

以钠基膨润土(B)为原料,加入两种改性剂,采用湿法制得复合改性膨润土(MB),并用MB固定某锡矿尾矿中的Zn。采用扫描电镜(SEM)和X射线衍射分析仪(XRD)对改性前后的膨润土进行了表征,证实改性剂壳聚糖和乙二胺部分负载到膨润土表面,部分插层到膨润土层间。通过重金属浸出实验对MB固定尾矿中Zn的效果进行了研究,单因素实验结果表明,MB的固定效果要优于B,尾矿中Zn的浸出量降低57%~83%,且在酸度较大时也有良好的固定效果。其最佳固定条件为:MB投加量为1.5 g/50 g,反应温度为35℃,pH可以低至4.0,固定过程在4 h内达到稳定。正交实验结果表明,pH是控制MB固定尾矿中Zn的最重要的影响因素,其最佳的固定条件组合与单因素实验相吻合。     

The effects of copper ions and copper nanomaterials on the output of amino acids from marine microalgae

In this study, the marine microalgae Skeletonema costatum and Nitzschia closterium were exposed to different forms of copper, such as a metal salt (Cu²⁺), a nano-metal (nano-Cu), and nano-metal oxide (nano-CuO). During a 96-h exposure to nanoparticles (NPs) and salt, the cell number, Cu²⁺ concentration in the culture medium, morphology, and intracellular amino acids were measured to assess the toxicity of the copper materials and the toxicity mechanism of the NPs. As results, the toxicity of Cu²⁺, nano-Cu, and nano-CuO to marine phytoplankton decreased in order. The EC₅₀ values of Cu²⁺ and nano-Cu for S. costatum and N. closterium ranged from 0.356 to 0.991 mg/L and 0.663 to 2.455 mg/L, respectively. Nano-Cu inhibits the growth of marine phytoplankton by releasing Cu²⁺; however, nano-CuO is harmful to microalgae because of the effect of NPs. The secretion of extracellular polymeric substances by microalgae could also affect the toxicity of nano-Cu and nano-CuO to microalgae. S. costatum was more sensitive to copper than N. closterium. Cu²⁺, nano-Cu, and nano-CuO all reduced per-cell amino acids and the total output of algae-derived amino acids by affecting the growth of the phytoplankton. This study helps to understand the risk assessment of nano-Cu and nano-CuO to marine microalgae.