滨海新区能源消费环境库兹涅茨曲线的实证分析

利用滨海新区2000—2007年人均GDP、单位GDP能耗及能源消费总量等指标的时间序列数据,拟合现状滨海新区能源消费环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)。基于情景分析法,预测了2006—2020年滨海新区经济发展与能源消耗响应关系及发展趋势,并对其EKC曲线形状做了进一步分析。结果表明,现阶段滨海新区能源消费总量与人均GDP相关关系不存在EKC假说,并且按目前发展态势,未来能源消费总量仍趋于不断增长。通过强有力的技术进步、结构调整、可再生能源开发利用以及相关法律、政策干预等措施,滨海新区可以在较低的人均GDP水平实现能源消费总量与经济增长的完全"脱钩"。     

有机改性膨润土的稳定性研究

利用十六烷基三甲基溴化铵(HDTMAB)对膨润土进行有机改性,研究了不同振荡时间、振荡强度、温度、pH以及盐溶液浓度下改性后有机膨润土的稳定性。结果表明,表面活性剂用量为0.6CEC时,改性的膨润土比较稳定。在同一环境因素下,当表面活性剂用量大于0.6CEC时,有机膨润土的稳定性均随着改性剂用量的增加而降低。振荡时间、振荡强度以及反应温度对有机膨润土稳定性影响不明显;酸性条件下会降低有机膨润土的稳定性,而中性、碱性条件下,有机膨润土的稳定性会提高;对于0.6CEC改性的有机膨润土,当NaC l、CaC l2的浓度由0.2 mol/L增加到0.6 mol/L时有机膨润土的稳定性得到了显著的提高,浓度继续增大,稳定性下降。所以当外界NaC l或CaC l2浓度为0.6 mol/L时,0.6CEC改性的有机膨润土相对0.8CEC以及1.0CEC改性的膨润土稳定,可用做废水处理的吸附剂,且无二次污染。     

Using diatom indices for water quality assessment in a subtropical river, China

Diatoms have been regularly used as bioindicators to assess water quality of surface waters. However, diatom-based indices developed for a specific geographic region may not be appropriate elsewhere. We sampled benthic diatom assemblages in the upper Han River, a subtropical river in China, to evaluate applicability of 14 diatom-based indices used worldwide for water quality assessment. A total of 194 taxa from 31 genera were identified in the dry season and 139 taxa from 23 genera in the wet season. During the dry season, significant relationships were found for all but one of the diatom-based indices (Index Diatom Artois–Picardie) with one or more physical and chemical variables including nutrients and ion concentrations in river waters. The Biological Diatom Index (IBD) and diatom-based eutrophication/pollution index (EPI-D) were strongly related to trophic status and ionic content, while Watanabe’s Index was related to organic pollution and conductivity. Yet, the diatom indices showed weak relationships with physical and chemical variables during the wet season. It suggests that diatom-based indices developed in Europe can be applied with confidence as bioindicators of water quality in subtropical rivers of China, at least during base-flow conditions.     

Photodegradation of the antimicrobial triclocarban in aqueous systems under ultraviolet radiation

This work aimed to investigate the effectiveness of ultraviolet (UV) radiation on the degradation of the antimicrobial triclocarban (TCC). We investigated the effects of several operational parameters, including solution pH, initial TCC concentration, photocatalyst TiO₂ loading, presence of natural organic matter, and most common anions in surface waters (e.g., bicarbonate, nitrate, and sulfate). The results showed that UV radiation was very effective for TCC photodegradation and that the photolysis followed pseudo-first-order kinetics. The TCC photolysis rate was pH dependent and favored at high pH. A higher TCC photolysis rate was observed by direct photolysis than TiO₂ photocatalysis. The presence of the inorganic ions bicarbonate, nitrate, and sulfate hindered TCC photolysis. Negative effects on TCC photolysis were also observed by the addition of humic acid due to competitive UV absorbance. The main degradation products of TCC were tentatively identified by gas chromatograph with mass spectrometer, and a possible degradation pathway of TCC was also proposed.     

Fate of caffeine in mesocosms wetland planted with Scirpus validus

Uptake, accumulation and translocation of caffeine by Scirpus validus grown in hydroponic condition were investigated. The plants were cultivated in Hoagland’s nutrient solution spiked with caffeine at concentrations of 0.5–2.0 mg L^?1. The effect of photodegradation on caffeine elimination was determined in dark controls and proved to be negligible. Removal of caffeine in mesocosms without plants showed however that biodegradation could account for about 15–19% of the caffeine lost from solutions after 3 and 7 d. Plant uptake played a significant role in caffeine elimination. Caffeine was detected in both roots and shoots of S. validus. Root concentrations of caffeine were 0.1–6.1 μg g^?1, while the concentrations for shoots were 6.4–13.7 μg g^?1. A significant (p < 0.05) positive correlation between the concentration in the root and the initial concentrations in the nutrient solution was observed. The bioaccumulation factors (BAFs) of caffeine for roots ranged from 0.2 to 3.1, while BAFs for shoots ranged from 3.2 to 16.9. Translocation from roots to shoots was the major pathway of shoot accumulation. The fraction of caffeine in the roots as a percentage of the total caffeine mass in solution was limited to 0.2–4.4% throughout the whole experiment, while shoot uptake percentage ranged from 12% to 25% for caffeine at the initial concentration of 2.0 mg L^?1 to 50–62% for caffeine at the initial concentration of 0.5 mg L^?1. However, a marked decrease in the concentration of caffeine in the shoots between d-14 and d-21 suggests that caffeine may have been catabolized in the plant tissues subsequent to plant uptake and translocation.     

响应面法和神经网络优化Acinetobactersp．DNS32发酵基质

为了提高阿特拉津降解菌Acinetobactersp．DNS32的产量,分别采用响应曲面法和基于人工神经网络的遗传算法对阿特拉津降解菌DNS32发酵培养基中3个重要基质成分（玉米粉、豆饼粉、K：HPO。）进行优化研究。响应曲面法确定3种成分的含量为玉米粉39．494g／L,豆饼粉25．638g／L和K。HPO。3．265g／L时,预测发酵活菌最大生物量为7．079×10^8CFU／mL,实测量为7．194×10^8CFU／mL;人工神经网络结合遗传算法优化确定3种主要成分含量为玉米粉为39．650g／L,豆饼粉为25．500g／L,K2HPO4为2．624g／L时,预测最大值为7．199×10^8CFU／mL,实测量为7．244×10。CFU／mL;最终确定培养基配方：玉米粉为39．650g／L,豆饼粉为25．500g／L,K2HPO4为2．624g／L,CaCO3为3．000g／L,MgSO4·7H2O和NaCl均为0．200g／L;优化后阿特拉津降解菌DNS32发酵生物量比优化前提高了36．6％。结果表明,在阿特拉津降解菌DNS32发酵培养基组分优化方面,响应面法和基于人工神经网络的遗传算法都是可行的,基于人工神经网络的遗传算法具有更好的拟合度和预测准确度。     

基于AERMOD模式的固定源对不同楼层大气污染预测研究

环境影响评价中,大气污染预测通常考虑地面的浓度影响,对高层住宅楼不同楼层影响的考虑较少.通过案例设计,模拟4种不同的污染排放情景,采用预测推荐模式AERMOD分别计算各情景下5个代表高度共20种组合情况的预测受体结果,并基于三维可视仪软件VOXLER直观显示各情景污染物浓度的空间连续分布情况,对小时最大浓度的分布规律利用分析工具CANOCO进行了分析.结果表明:(1)污染源高为15～80 m时,不同楼层间小时浓度分布差异性较大;污染源高为120～240 m时,楼层间差异性较小.(2)污染源高为15m时,小时最大浓度以50 m为分界线随楼层高度的增加先增后降;污染源高为80～240 m时,小时最大浓度随楼层高度的增加而增加.     

深型地下土壤渗滤系统中氮的去除途径

为了系统研究氮在深型地下土壤渗滤系统中的去除途径,本次实验采用直径30cm,高200cm的有机玻璃柱模拟地下土壤渗滤系统;柱内分层装填取自北京顺义的土壤。在水力负荷为8cm／d的条件下,取得了较好的脱氮效果;氨氮去除率为99．80％;TN去除率为83．68％。通过观察氮沿土柱深度的变化规律发现,在1．30m以上的区域随着氨氮浓度的降低硝氮浓度逐渐增大,同时总氮浓度也在不断降低,约有30．55％在此区域被去除;通过氮元素质量平衡证明这部分氮是通过厌氧氨氧化反应去除的。在1．30m以下反硝化反应是脱氮的主要途径,在此过程中难降解有机物被利用。     

响应面法和神经网络优化Acinetobacter sp. DNS32发酵基质

为了提高阿特拉津降解菌Acinetobacter sp.DNS32的产量,分别采用响应曲面法和基于人工神经网络的遗传算法对阿特拉津降解菌DNS32发酵培养基中3个重要基质成分(玉米粉、豆饼粉、K2HPO4)进行优化研究。响应曲面法确定3种成分的含量为玉米粉39.494 g/L,豆饼粉25.638 g/L和K2HPO43.265 g/L时,预测发酵活菌最大生物量为7.079×108CFU/mL,实测量为7.194×108CFU/mL;人工神经网络结合遗传算法优化确定3种主要成分含量为玉米粉为39.650 g/L,豆饼粉为25.500 g/L,K2HPO4为2.624 g/L时,预测最大值为7.199×108CFU/mL,实测量为7.244×108CFU/mL;最终确定培养基配方:玉米粉为39.650 g/L,豆饼粉为25.500 g/L,K2HPO4为2.624 g/L,CaCO3为3.000 g/L,MgSO4.7H2O和NaCl均为0.200 g/L;优化后阿特拉津降解菌DNS32发酵生物量比优化前提高了36.6%。结果表明,在阿特拉津降解菌DNS32发酵培养基组分优化方面,响应面法和基于人工神经网络的遗传算法都是可行的,基于人工神经网络的遗传算法具有更好的拟合度和预测准确度。     

化学沉淀法强化常规工艺应急去除水中的镉

在常规工艺基础上,通过投加氢氧化钠,实验进行了应急去除重金属镉的研究。实验结果表明,该方法能有效去除饮用水水源的镉,效果稳定,可进行应急处理。对pH、镉初始浓度和混凝剂投加量3个影响因素的灰色关联分析表明,3个因素对镉去除效果影响的大小排序为:滤后水pH>混凝剂投加量>镉初始浓度。在水源镉突发污染时,在原有常规水处理工艺基础上,通过控制滤后水pH可实现对重金属镉的去除,pH的控制值与水源水质有关。