成都市餐饮源大气污染物排放清单研究

为全面、准确地获得成都市餐饮源大气污染物排放清单,针对成都市社会餐饮、家庭餐饮和食堂餐饮分别选择监测对象进行细颗粒物(PM2.5)、非甲烷总烃(NMHCs)、油烟、氮氧化物(NOx)、SO2和CO 6种大气污染物排放浓度监测.分别按照用油量、就餐人次和灶头风量3种核算依据计算了6种大气污染物的排放因子,并计算成都市餐饮...     

氧化石墨烯负载铁锰复合材料对镉砷污染土壤的钝化修复

为修复受到镉砷复合污染的农田土壤,将铁锰氧化物负载于氧化石墨烯表面,制备得到了新型氧化石墨烯负载铁锰复合材料.在此基础上开展了为期60 d土壤培养试验,通过对pH、DOC含量、土壤有效态Cd和As含量动态变化,以及土壤Cd和As形态的测定,探究了氧化石墨烯（GO）和氧化石墨烯负载铁锰复合材料（GO-FM）在不同添加比例下（0.1%、0.2%和0.3%）,对上虞和佛山两种理化性质和污染程度不同的土壤中Cd和As的钝化效果,并阐明其相应修复机制.结果表明,与空白对照相比,GO-FM提高了酸性上虞土的pH,但使佛山土pH降低.培养结束后,GO和GO-FM处理均增加了土壤DOC含量.GO-FM使佛山土可溶态Cd含量降低了5.08%~19.19%,有效态Cd含量降低了36.57%~42.8%,其主要钝化机制是静电吸附、络合和羟基化金属离子的形成.而酸性上虞土受静电斥力的影响使得GO-FM对Cd的钝化效果低于佛山土,但随着材料添加量的增加,GO-FM使氧化石墨烯增加土壤Cd有效性的趋势得到了抑制,添加0.2%和0.3%的GO-FM使上虞土有效态Cd含量降低了6.45%~13.56%.同时,复合材料通过锰氧化物对As的氧化作用以及As与铁氧化物表面羟基形成内表面螯合物的钝化机制,促使上虞土和佛山土的有效态As含量分别降低了4.34%~9.15%和0.87%~5.71%.总之,在佛山土中GO-FM对Cd的钝化效果优于上虞土,在上虞土中GO-FM对As的钝化效果优于佛山土.研究结果可为不同类型土壤镉砷复合污染防治提供理论依据和参考.     

基于数值模拟的细水雾在汽车涂装车间喷漆室的应用研究

采用FDS软件对细水雾扑救汽车涂装车间喷漆室火灾的灭火效能进行数值模拟分析,着重探讨了喷漆室纵向通风、细水雾雾滴粒径、雾滴喷射速度、汽车障碍物等对扑灭油漆火的影响。模拟结果表明:在细水雾与油漆火的相互作用过程中,细水雾对火源的表面冷却和隔氧窒息作用显著;为了防止室内氧气得到补充,在开启细水雾灭火的同时应当联动控制关闭纵向通风系统;在模拟工况条件下雾滴粒径为100μm~300μm的细水雾灭火效果优于粒径为400μm、500μm的细水雾;雾滴在一定喷射速度范围内速度越大灭火效果越好,喷射速度为10m/s的雾滴灭火效果明显优于3m/s和5m/s的雾滴,但是为了防止火焰横向蔓延,喷射速度不宜过高;在汽车障碍物火灾中部分微小的细水雾雾滴受到火焰的卷吸作用,可以绕过障碍物进入火区发挥冷却作用,细水雾灭火系统能够有效控制障碍物火灾,可以应用于汽车涂装车间喷漆室。     

土中水平渗流AHFO方法监测试验研究

土中的水平渗流影响着土体的结构强度,受测试技术的限制,目前还缺少有效的手段对其水平运移规律精确测定。采用基于分布式测温技术(DTS)的主动加热光纤法(AHFO),设计室内模型试验,测试土中一维水平渗流过程中含水率的变化,拟合了渗流时间与湿润锋运移距离、累积入渗量以及入渗率之间的关系,并对测试结果进行了评价。结果表明:利用AHFO可对任一时刻的湿润锋位置进行准确定位,湿润锋水平向运移距离与时间的关系满足Green-Ampt模型;利用AHFO法所测水平向含水率分布积分所得的累积渗入量与量筒所测实际加水量之间具有很好的一致性,累积渗入量与时间对数呈线性关系;入渗速率随着时间增长逐渐减小,与入渗时间平方根间可用一反比例函数描述。     

Numerical and experimental studies of turbulence in vegetated open-channel flows

Environmental Fluid Mechanics - A numerical model based on the double-averaged (spatial and ensemble averaged) method has been developed to simulate vegetated free surface flows. The classical $$k...     

Cu/Cr co-stabilization mechanisms in a simulated Al2O3-Fe2O3-Cr2O3-CuO waste system

• Cu and Cr can be mostly incorporated into CuFe_xAl_yCr_2−x−yO₄ with a spinel structure. • Spinel phase is the most crucial structure for Cu and Cr co-stabilization. • Compared to Al, Fe and Cr are easier to be incorporated into the spinel structure. • ‘Waste-to-resource’ by thermal process at attainable temperatures can be achieved. Chromium slag usually contains various heavy metals, making its safe treatment difficult. Glass-ceramic sintering has been applied to resolve this issue and emerged as an effective method for metal immobilization by incorporating heavy metals into stable crystal structures. Currently, there is limited knowledge about the reaction pathways adopted by multiple heavy metals and the co-stabilization functions of the crystal structure. To study the Cu/Cr co-stabilization mechanisms during thermal treatment, a simulated system was prepared using a mixture with a molar ratio of Al₂O₃:Fe₂O₃:Cr₂O₃:CuO= 1:1:1:3. The samples were sintered at temperatures 600–1300°C followed by intensive analysis of phase constitutions and microstructure development. A spinel phase (CuFe_xAl_yCr_2−x−yO₄) started to generate at 700°C and the incorporation of Cu/Cr into the spinel largely complete at 900°C, although the spinel peak intensity continued increasing slightly at temperatures above 900°C. Fe₂O₃/Cr₂O₃ was more easily incorporated into the spinel at lower temperatures, while more Al₂O₃ was gradually incorporated into the spinel at higher temperatures. Additionally, sintered sample microstructures became more condensed and smoother with increased sintering temperature. Cu / Cr leachability substantially decreased after Cu/Cr incorporation into the spinel phase at elevated temperatures. At 600°C, the leached ratios for Cu and Cr were 6.28% and 0.65%, respectively. When sintering temperature was increased to 1300°C, the leached ratios for all metal components in the system were below 0.2%. This study proposes a sustainable method for managing Cu/Cr co-exist slag at reasonable temperatures.     

Environmental effects and risk control of antibiotic resistance genes in the organic solid waste aerobic composting system: A review

• ARGs were detected in livestock manure, sludge, food waste and fermentation dregs. • The succession of microbial community is an important factor affecting ARGs. • Horizontal transfer mechanism of ARGs during composting should be further studied. Antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) have been diffusely detected in several kinds of organic solid waste, such as livestock manure, sludge, antibiotic fermentation residues, and food waste, thus attracting great attention. Aerobic composting, which is an effective, harmless treatment method for organic solid waste to promote recycling, has been identified to also aid in ARG reduction. However, the effect of composting in removing ARGs from organic solid waste has recently become controversial. Thus, this article summarizes and reviews the research on ARGs in relation to composting in the past 5 years. ARGs in organic solid waste could spread in different environmental media, including soil and the atmosphere, which could widen environmental risks. However, the conventional composting technology had limited effect on ARGs removal from organic solid waste. Improved composting processes, such as hyperthermophilic temperature composting, could effectively remove ARGs, and the HGT of ARGs and the microbial communities are identified as vital influencing factors. Currently, during the composting process, ARGs were mainly affected by three response pathways, (I) “Microenvironment-ARGs”; (II) “Microenvironment-microorganisms-ARGs”; (III) “Microorganisms-horizontal gene transfer-ARGs”, respectively. Response pathway II had been studied the most which was believed that microbial community was an important factor affecting ARGs. In response pathway III, mainly believed that MGEs played an important role and paid less attention to eARGs. Further research on the role and impact of eARGs in ARGs may be considered in the future. It aims to provide support for further research on environmental risk control of ARGs in organic solid waste.     

南海北部海岛周边海域生态环境质量综合评价

基于国内外海洋生态环境质量综合评价方法,结合我国海洋生态环境调查数据,从环境和生物学要素中选取12个指标建立评价指标体系,确定5个评价等级及标准,采用层次分析法确定指标权重,构建我国海岛周边海域生态环境质量综合评价方法.选取南海北部10个代表性海岛,对其周边海域生态环境质量进行综合评价,结果表明：研究海岛中特呈岛和内伶仃岛评价等级为中,其余8个海岛均为良;离岸距离、陆源污染物排放量和海水交换能力直接影响评价结果.该方法能较好地反映海岛周边海域生态环境状况,可操作性强,可作为今后我国海岛周边海域生态环境质量评价的参考.     

天然气水合物水力提升中继舱舱体沉积安全性分析

针对天然气水合物水力提升过程中中继舱部件的沉积安全性问题,为了避免中继舱因沉积过多而导致整个提升系统的瘫痪,利用流场模拟软件CFD,分析了不同结构对中继舱内部流场的影响,对比了正方体、球体和圆柱体3种不同中继舱结构下的颗粒沉积情况、内部流速分布、粗细颗粒以及海水体积分数分布情况,得出圆柱体结构的安全性要优于另外两种结构。研究了圆柱体结构在不同工况下的沉积情况与安全性。结果表明:增加粗颗粒浓度,粗颗粒直径以及粗颗粒的密度都会导致中继舱沉积厚度增加,安全性降低,而增加进口速度则会导致中继舱沉积厚度减小,安全性有所提高。     

长江三角洲地区冬季能见度特征及影响因子分析

利用Micaps提供的2013和2014年冬季长江三角洲地区(以下简称长三角)28个站点的地面常规观测资料、NCEP FNL再分析资料和国家环境保护部发布的PM_2.5质量浓度自动检测数据,分析了长三角冬季大气能见度特征,以及空气污染物和气象条件对能见度的影响.2013年冬季长三角霾天发生频率为53.4%.多元非线性回归分析表明,PM_2.5质量浓度、地表10m风速、500~850hPa水平风垂直切变、相对湿度、925~1000hPa垂直温差、850~925hPa假相当位温差这6个因子能够解释能见度变化的81.6%.气象条件对能见度的作用与污染物浓度相当,热力因子的贡献大约是动力因子的2倍.PM_2.5质量浓度越低,空气质量越好,以及相对湿度大于70%时,相对湿度通过气溶胶吸湿增长对能见度的作用越强.考虑PM_2.5质量浓度的影响时,相对湿度对能见度的贡献提高了1倍.利用2014年冬季资料验证多元拟合方程,效果较好.