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361.
Recently, a building-based air quality model system which can predict air quality in front of individual buildings along both sides of a road has been developed. Using the Macau Peninsula as a case study, this paper shows the advantages of building-based model system in data capture and data mining. Compared with the traditional grid-based model systems with input/output spatial resolutions of 1–2 km, the building-based approach can extract the street configuration and traffic data building by building and therefore, can capture the complex spatial variation of traffic emission, urban geometry, and air pollution. The non-homogeneous distribution of air pollution in the Macau Peninsula was modeled in a high-spatial resolution of 319 receptors·km-2. The spatial relationship among air quality, traffic flow, and urban geometry in the historic urban area is investigated. The study shows that the building-based approach may open an innovative methodology in data mining of urban spatial data for environmental assessment. The results are particularly useful to urban planners when they need to consider the influences of urban form on street environment. 相似文献
362.
2019 年 9 月 14 日,甘肃省定西市通渭县发生大型黄土滑坡。通过对该黄土滑坡的现场调查和无人机航测,查明了孕育滑坡的地形地貌、水文地质等条件,对滑坡体的形态特征、结构特征和运动模式进行深入研究,揭示了常家河滑坡的致灾机理。运用高密度电法对滑坡体进行探测,探明滑坡区域的地层结构、滑体厚度、地下水分布及空间展布情况。结合有限元法和严格的极限平衡法计算坡体的稳定性,得到降雨条件下滑坡坡体的最大剪应变区域分布及斜坡稳定性随着降雨持时的变化规律。研究结果表明:(1)通渭滑坡整体形态呈圈椅状,分为 3 个典型破坏区域,形成大量垂直陡坎,黄土滑动厚度约为 8~50 m;(2)通渭滑坡属“牵引?推移”式顺层滑坡,运动方式为“坡脚失稳牵引?中部受阻滑移?后部失稳推移”;(3)地下水多为裂隙岩溶水,地层结构不明显,早期地震等地质构造活动对地层形状影响较大;(4)黄土斜坡稳定性受降雨持时影响持续降低,斜坡最大剪应变区域多分布于斜坡中上部, 且从泥岩接触面向坡面发展;(5)降雨是触发通渭滑坡的最直接因素,冲沟发育、河流侵蚀与农业生产活动是重要的孕灾条件。 相似文献
363.
The adsorptive characteristics of biochar produced from garden green waste (S-char) and a mixture of food waste and garden green waste (FS-char) were investigated. Adsorption of Cu2+, Zn2+, and Mn2+ onto the two biochars reached equilibrium within 48 hours. The metal adsorption was effectively described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Freundlich isotherm models which suggest heterogeneous chemisorption. The initial solution pH influenced adsorption of Zn2+ and Mn2+ but not of Cu2+. Simulation via a surface complexation model showed that the fraction of XOCu+ adsorbed onto biochar was increased with increasing pH until it reached the adsorption maximum at pH 8.5, while the endpoint for the maximum of XOMn+ was higher than pH 12. 相似文献
364.
China has the fifth largest forest area in the world and any change in China's forestry development will have inevitable impacts on global ecological sustainability. China has undergone excessive logging of natural forests and also made tremendous efforts in afforestation during the past half century. China's forestry is now going through a variety of transitions and several forestry programs have been implemented to drive forestry transitions. The goal of these actions is to protect ecological services of forests and sustain China's forestry development. These forestry programs are spatially sophisticated and cannot be successfully implemented without accurate and transparent forest/forestry information. A variety of digital technologies, including forest modeling, remote sensing, geographic information systems, global positioning systems, and visualization, have been applied in handling diverse information in China's forestry. Digital forestry is not just a theoretical concept in China. Our digital forestry experience in northeast China suggests that digital technology is both usable and useful in China's forestry development. Digital technology is playing an important interactive role in China's top-down forestry administration system. The analog-to-digital transition in technology is expected to lead to the success of forestry programs and forestry transitions in China. 相似文献
365.
Energy is one of the most important elements required for poverty alleviation and socioeconomic development, and it has a particularly strong impact on households in rural areas. An extensive survey on household energy consumption patterns that interrelates socioeconomic and demographic factors was conducted in the disregarded villages of Lijiang City by using the stratified random sampling technique for 120 households. This study focuses on household energy consumption and the related carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions in the study area. Firewood, biogas, and electricity were identified as the main energy sources of the rural households. This study demonstrates that 100% of the households use firewood, 52% use biogas, and 95% use electricity as fuel types. On average, each household consumed 1752 kg of firewood, 280 m3 of biogas, and 392 kWh of electricity annually. All households generated an annual average amount of CO2 emissions of 3851 kg, of which 85.08% come from firewood, 7.66% from biogas, and 7.26% from electricity. Family size, income, and educational level were found to be the major factors that influence CO2 emissions. The results of this study may be useful in explaining the energy consumption characteristics in the rural areas of Lijiang City and are expected to be useful in policy formulation for energy consumption and environmental protection. 相似文献
366.
367.
Effect of weathering on abundance and release of potentially toxic elements in soils developed on Lower Cambrian black shales, P. R. China 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
This paper examines the geochemical features of 8 soil profiles developed on metalliferous black shales distributed in the
central parts of the South China black shale horizon. The concentrations of 21 trace elements and 8 major elements were determined
using ICP-MS and XRF, respectively, and weathering intensity (W) was calculated according to a new technique recently proposed in the literature. The data showed that the black shale soils
inherited a heterogeneous geochemical character from their parent materials. A partial least square regression model and EFbedrock (enrichment factor normalized to underlying bedrock) indicated that W was not a major control in the redistribution of trace metals. Barium, Sn, Cu, V, and U tended to be leached in the upper
soil horizons and trapped by Al and Fe oxides, whereas Sb, Cd, and Mo with negative EF values across the whole profiles may
have been leached out during the first stage of pedogenesis (mainly weathering of black shale). Compared with the Chinese
average soils, the soils were strongly enriched in the potentially toxic metals Mo, Cd, Sb, Sn, U, V, Cu, and Ba, among which
the 5 first listed were enriched to the highest degrees. Elevated concentrations of these toxic metals can have a long-term
negative effect on human health, in particular, the soils in mining areas dominated by strongly acidic conditions. As a whole,
the black shale soils have much in common with acid sulfate soils. Therefore, black shale soils together with acid sulfate
soils deserve more attention in the context of metal exposure and human health. 相似文献
368.
Songhui Wang Bingren Xiang Yilong Su Qianqian Tang 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2012,10(4):383-387
This report describes a rapid, onsite method to analyze the dichlorvos pesticide in water. Dichlorvos is a broad-spectrum pesticide that has been used worldwide. As an organophosphorus pesticide, dichlorvos disrupts the nervous system by inhibiting the activity of acetyl cholinesterase. Traditional analysis of dichlorvos by chromatography is time-consuming and environmentally unfriendly. Therefore, rapid, on-site methods to analyze dichlorvos are needed. Here, we used for the first time Fourier transform near infrared spectroscopy combined with partial least square-discriminant analysis to determine the dichlorvos directly in water samples. Results were compared with traditional high-performance liquid chromatography data as reference. We found that over 9,000–8,333?cm?1, the new method had a good performance with a classification accuracy of 100?% and a correlation coefficient of 0.92 between measured and reference data. The new method can also be used as a “concentration sieve” by setting up different levels of boundary, a parameter of partial least square-discriminant analysis, thus allowing rapid on-site screening. 相似文献
369.
啤酒废水同步脱氮除磷工艺启动研究 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:0
为了将短程硝化反硝化与A/O法除磷同时应用于SBR工艺处理啤酒废水,通过改变序批式反应器(SBR)工艺运行方式,使活性污泥依次经历厌氧、好氧、缺氧3个阶段,控制ρ(MLSS)=4 700 mg/L、pH=7.5~8.0、DO=0.3~0.5 mg/L(好氧阶段)。反应器内短程硝化反硝化同步除磷效果明显,氨氮去除率大于90%,亚硝酸盐积累率大于85%,磷去除率大于98%。试验结果表明短程硝化反硝化与A/O法除磷可同时应用于SBR工艺处理啤酒废水。 相似文献
370.