江苏油田环境保护综合防治技术研究

为了实现油(气)田(特别是环境敏感地区)开发的可持续发展,在原有基础上,针对水网地区油田开发环境的特点,就现在环境保护技术工作中存在的重点难点问题进行进一步的研究和探讨,完善和发展了整套污染防治工艺、处理技术及处理装备。     

含水率及温度影响非饱和土导热系数的试验研究

土体的导热系数是能源岩土工程设计与研究中重要的热物理参数。工程中土体常处于非饱和状态。非饱和土体的导热系数会影响地下结构物的力学性能、热交换效率以及整个热工结构的工作效率。为给能源岩土工程设计与研究提供可靠的热物理参数,通过室内单元试验测量了不同含水率和温度下砾砂、粉土和黏土的导热系数,研究这三种非饱和土体的导热系数与含水率、基质吸力和温度的关系。研究结果表明,三种非饱和土体的导热系数都随含水率的增加而增加,最后趋于稳定。砾砂导热系数增加的速率最快,粉土次之,黏土最小。相同含水率下,砾砂导热系数最大,粉土次之,黏土最小。粉土的导热系数与基质吸力密切相关,其关系曲线趋势近似土 水特征曲线。三种土体的导热系数均随温度的增加近似线性增加,但增加幅度仅为10^-3级别,可忽略其影响。     

利用TaPL3模型计算p,p'-DDT在天津地区的长距离传输潜力

利用TaPL3(Version3.00)模型计算了天津地区p,p'-DDT通过大气和水体的长距离传输潜力(LRTP).通过灵敏度分析,确定了模型的关键参数.利用蒙特卡罗方法对模型结果进行了不确定性分析.结果表明,天津地区p,p'-DDT通过大气的LRTP为473～762km,均值为579km;通过水体的LRTP为940～10958km,均值为2254km.通过大气的LRTP的结果分布比通过水体的LRTP更集中.与国外同类结果比较,通过大气的LRTP略低,而通过水体的LRTP则明显偏低.     

蒲绒-芦苇机械混合复合材料的吸油性能

2010年本实验室开始生物质对柴油的吸附实验,和前人的结论一致,生物质热改性后其吸油和漂浮性能提高,但成本增加很多。受到前人复合吸油材料的启发,2012年开展了蒲绒-芦苇机械混合复合材料吸油和漂浮性能的研究,并采用正交实验对影响除油效果的因素进行优化。结果表明,蒲绒-芦苇复合材料较之芦苇吸油性能提高,且比各组分的叠加饱和吸油量还高。震荡使芦苇的漂浮率明显降低,但对蒲绒及复合材料的影响较小。正交实验结果显示,投加量0.7g,油膜厚度0.55 mm,不震荡时,蒲绒除油最佳;在相同条件下,粒径为380~500μm的芦苇除油最佳,蒲绒和该粒径的芦苇按质量比为1∶4混合成的复合材料的除油效果最佳。     

A review of source tracking techniques for fine sediment within a catchment

Excessive transport of fine sediment, and its associated pollutants, can cause detrimental impacts in aquatic environments. It is therefore important to perform accurate sediment source apportionment to identify hot spots of soil erosion. Various tracers have been adopted, often in combination, to identify sediment source type and its spatial origin; these include fallout radionuclides, geochemical tracers, mineral magnetic properties and bulk and compound-specific stable isotopes. In this review, the applicability of these techniques to particular settings and their advantages and limitations are reviewed. By synthesizing existing approaches, that make use of multiple tracers in combination with measured changes of channel geomorphological attributes, an integrated analysis of tracer profiles in deposited sediments in lakes and reservoirs can be made. Through a multi-scale approach for fine sediment tracking, temporal changes in soil erosion and sediment load can be reconstructed and the consequences of changing catchment practices evaluated. We recommend that long-term, as well as short-term, monitoring of riverine fine sediment and corresponding surface and subsurface sources at nested sites within a catchment are essential. Such monitoring will inform the development and validation of models for predicting dynamics of fine sediment transport as a function of hydro-climatic and geomorphological controls. We highlight that the need for monitoring is particularly important for hilly catchments with complex and changing land use. We recommend that research should be prioritized for sloping farmland-dominated catchments.     

Prospect of recovering phosphorus in magnesium slag-packed wetland filter

Phosphorus recovery from wastewater not only reduces the unbearable impacts of excessive nutrient discharge on environmental systems but also favor the reuse of phosphorus resource. Based on the mechanism as well as technical analysis for major phosphorus recovery techniques including struvite precipitation and wetland substrate adsorption, a novel magnesium slag-packed wetland filter and corresponding operational procedures are proposed, which aim to reduce the dependence of using magnesium-containing chemical reagent as magnesium sources for struvite precipitation, and improve the accumulation and recovery performance for struvite precipitation within porous wetland substrate. Results from preliminary experiments indicated that magnesium slag particles with approximately 2 mm in diameter can recover 43.20–72.39% phosphorus from 1–25 mol/L PO₄ ^3? solution, and the presence of 5–50 mol/L NH₄ ⁺ contributed to 11.71–29.11% enhancement of phosphorus recovery mainly due to struvite precipitation. The detected generation of struvite via XRD spectrum analysis partly demonstrated the potential of phosphorus recovery in magnesium slag-packed wetland filter. The proposed phosphorus recovery technology is free of secondary pollution and solid waste generation; phosphorus-saturated (mainly due to struvite precipitation and adsorption) magnesium slag particles can be potentially used as phosphorus fertilizer and thus partly solved the traditional shortages of disposing phosphorus-saturated substrate due to low phosphorus contents.     

城市生活垃圾填埋处理甲烷排放估算及控制途径研究

随着人口的增长,城市化和经济化发展以及居民生活水平的不断提高,固体废弃物的排放量日益增多,废弃物处理不仅是大气中甲烷的一个重要排放源,而且已成为限制城市化进展和城市经济发展的重大问题之一。固体废弃物填埋处理甲烷的排放量的估算,对准确评估未来气候变化以及应对气候变化所带来的影响具有重要的意义。本文在分析了填埋场甲烷产生影响因素的基础上,估算了2005年-2010年杭州市填埋场甲烷排放量,提出了填埋场甲烷排放控制的对策建议,为杭州市温室气体减排工作提供参考意见。     

长春市膳食水足迹研究

食物是居民日常生活首要的消费品,膳食水足迹能反映一个地区对水资源的利用情况。根据长春市2000年一2009年城乡居民膳食消费量,量化长春市城乡居民膳食水足迹,分析其特征。10年来长春市城乡居民膳食水足迹差异在逐渐减小,城镇居民的多样性指数始终高于农村居民,但差值逐渐减小,城乡居民膳食水足迹存在巨大差距,不公平现象很明显。探讨不同膳食消费模式下水资源的节约量,为长春市合理利用水资源提供依据。     

泸州市纳溪区农村环境污染现状及治理对策研究

随着农村经济发展和现代化进程的加快,农村环境状况日益恶化,农村环境形势十分严峻。农村生态环境受到破坏,不仅给农民身体健康带来危害,还制约了农村经济社会的可持续发展。因此,在泸州市纳溪区新农村建设中,解决农村环境问题已经成为当务之急。文章介绍了纳溪区农村环境污染现状,指出存在的主要问题及成因,最后根据该地区的具体特点提出农村环境污染的对策建议。