印染废水处理技术研究进展探析

印染废水的主要特点是色度、BOD、COD、pH值、温度和浊度高,分子量大,生物降解性低,且废水成分复杂,含有有机高分子化合物和助凝剂等.综述了印染废水处理技术的研究及应用现状,介绍了印染废水中常用的物理处理法、化学处理法和生物法,分析了不同处理方法的研究及应用效果及优缺点,提出了各处理方法的技术缺陷及存在的问题,并对印染废水处理未来的研究方向进行了展望,不同处理方法间的组合可以较好地发挥它们各自的优点,是未来可靠处理印染废水的有效方法.     

Combined remediation of DDT congeners and cadmium in soil by Sphingobacterium sp. D-6 and Sedum alfredii Hance

Combined pollution of 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis (4-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) and cadmium (Cd) in agricultural soils is of great concern because they present serious risk to food security and human health.In order to develop a cost-effective and safe method for the removal of DDTs and Cd in soil,combined remediation of DDTs and Cd in soil by Sphingobacterium sp.D-6 and the hyperaccumulator,Sedum alfredii Hance was investigated.After treatment for 210 days,the degradation half-lives of DDTs in soils treated by strain D-6 decreased by 8.1% to 68.0% compared with those in the controls.The inoculation of strain D-6 into soil decreased the uptake of DDTs by pak choi and S.alfredii.The shoots/roots ratios of S.alfredii for the Cd accumulation ranged from 12.32 to 21.75.The Cd concentration in soil decreased to 65.8%-71.8% for S.alfredii treatment and 14.1%-58.2% for S.alfredii and strain D-6 combined treatment,respectively,compared with that in the control.The population size of the DDTs-degrading strain,Simpson index (1/D) and soil respiratory rate decreased in the early stage of treatment and then gradually increased,ultimately recovering to or exceeding the initial level.The results indicated that synchronous incorporation of strain D-6 and S.alfredii into soil was found to significantly (p 0.05) enhance the degradation of DDTs in soil and the hyperaccumulation of Cd in S.alfredii.It was concluded that strain D-6 and S.alfredii could be used successfully to control DDTs and Cd in contaminated soil.     

北京城区大气PM_(2.5)主要化学组分及污染特征

为了解北京城区大气PM2.5主要化学组成特征,于2012年8月─2013年7月对城区石景山、东四和通州3个采样点及城区对照点定陵和区域传输点榆垡开展为期1 a的PM2.5组分研究,共获得268组样品.结果表明:城区平均质量浓度大于1.0μg/m3的组分有OC、NO3-、SO42-、NH4+、EC、Cl-、Si、Ca、Al、K+,其中ρ(OC)、ρ(NO3-)、ρ(SO42-)、ρ(NH4+)分别为(22.2±17.1)、(21.5±25.9)、(19.8±23.7)、(14.3±16.8)μg/m3,分别占ρ(PM2.5)的17.9%、17.3%、15.9%、11.5%,城区各主要组分的平均质量浓度明显大于对照点;城区各采样点之间主要组分所占比例相差不大,与城区对照点、区域传输点差异明显;春、夏、秋、冬四季城区采样点的主要组分均为OC、NO3-、SO42-、NH4+,这4种组分质量浓度之和分别占各季ρ(PM2.5)的62.5%、54.2%、46.0%、62.7%,其中春季ρ(NO3-)、夏季ρ(SO42-)、秋冬季的ρ(OC)相对较高;北京城区各采样点均受SOC影响较大,OC/EC〔ρ(OC)/ρ(EC)〕的平均值为5.7,城区SNA(二次无机气溶胶)占ρ(PM2.5)的比例(15.0%~53.1%)和NO3-/SO42-〔ρ(NO3-)/ρ(SO42-)〕(0.47~1.36)均随空气质量指数上升而增加,同时观测期间北京城区PM2.5中NO3-/SO42-的平均值为1.14,较往年明显增大,表明目前北京城区的PM2.5排放源逐步由以固定源为主向固定源和移动源并重的方向发展.     

基于GIS的北京市机动车污染数据库的开发和应用

利用 GIS技术建立机动车污染数据库 ,能动态、直观地反映机动车污染的时空分布规律 ,为机动车污染控制研究提供强有力的工具 .本研究以 ArcView为主要的 GIS开发工具 ,通过属性数据和空间数据的链接 ,实现了北京市机动车污染数据库的地图化表现、动态查询、基本空间分析等功能 ,从而为机动车污染数据库提供了技术支持 .利用该系统 ,可以对北京市机动车污染物的排放、浓度和分担率的空间分布规律进行 GIS实例分析 .     

Accelerated biodegradation of nitrophenols in the rhizosphere of Spirodela polyrrhiza

We investigated the biodegradation of 2-nitrophenol (2-NP), 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), and 2,4-dinitrophenol (2,4-DNP) in the rhizosphere of Spirodela polyrrhiza plants by conducting degradation experiments with three river water samples supplemented with each nitrophenol (NP). We then isolated NP-degrading bacteria both from the S. polyrrhiza roots and from the river water. In the river water samples, removal of the three NP was accelerated in the presence of S. polyrrhiza plants. The three NPs persisted in an autoclaved solution with sterile plants suggests that NP removal was accelerated largely by bacterial NP biodegradation rather than by adsorption and uptake by the plants. We isolated 8 strains of NP-degrading bacteria: 6 strains from the S. polyrrhiza roots and 2 strains from river water without the plants. The 2-NP- and 2,4-DNP-degrading bacteria were isolated only from the S. polyrrhiza roots. The 4-NPdegrading bacteria different from those isolated from the river water samples were also found on S. polyrrhiza roots. The 2-NP- and 4-NP-degrading strains isolated from the roots utilized the corresponding NP (0.5 mmol/L) as the sole carbon and energy source. The 2,4-DNP-degrading strains isolated from the roots showed substantial 2,4-DNP-degrading activity, but the presence of other carbon and energy sources was required for their growth. The isolated NP-degrading bacteria from the roots must have contributed to the accelerated degradation of the three NPs in the rhizosphere of S. polyrrhiza. Our results suggested that rhizoremediation with S. polyrrhiza may be effective for NP-contaminated surface water.     

全自动烷基汞分析仪测定水中烷基汞的方法研究

建立了全自动烷基汞分析仪测定水中的烷基汞(甲基汞,乙基汞)的方法.实验中衍生化反应所用的试剂为含有2.0 mol/L醋酸缓冲液,1%(g/v)NaBEt4(四乙基硼化钠)和1%(g/v)NaBPr4(四丙基硼化钠)的2%(g/v)氢氧化钾-水溶液,经衍生化的水样直接吹扫捕集后,进入气相色谱柱中分离并高温裂解,最后进入冷原子荧光检测器(CVAFS)中检测甲基汞和乙基汞的含量.甲基汞和乙基汞的方法检出限分别为0.002 ng/L和0.005 ng/L.     

生物可降解络合剂聚天冬氨酸治理土壤重金属污染

土壤重金属污染会产生严重的生态环境问题,土壤淋洗技术可达到土壤修复的目的,其中络合剂的选择是达到安全、有效修复效果的关键.聚天冬氨酸(PASP)可生物降解,对环境安全.文章选择PASP作为重金属的络合剂,研究其修复土壤重金属污染的效果.结果表明,PASP对金属离子Cd、Zn和Ca均有较好的提取率,均超过50%,并且络合剂/重金属的摩尔比越高,提取效果越好,受pH的影响就越少,提取速率开始比较快,而后趋于平缓.在PASP络合物的形态分布中,在pH较低阶段,PASP-Cd络合物所占的比例较大,随着pH的升高,PASP-Zn和PASP-Ca的比例增加,同时微生物对聚天冬氨酸的降解作用对治理效果产生负面影响.PASP可作为环保型的络合剂,达到修复土壤重金属污染的目的.     

生态系统数据管理中的数据文档文件

生态系统的数据结构不同于商用数据结构。本文参考美国ＬＴＥＲＮ的Ｓｅｖｉｌｌｅｔａ站生态系统的数据管理模式，结合中国科学院封丘农业生态实验站的实际情况，着重介绍了生态系统的数据文档文件的特点、结构和应用，而这些都是研究生态系统数据管理的最基础工作。     

不同染料化合物在天然锰矿界面的脱色特性

本文考察了染料化合物在天然锰矿界面脱色特性,并探讨溶液ｐＨ值、环境温度、不 照射及颗粒物浓度和粒径对脱色效果的影响。实验表明,溶液ｐＨ值是影响染料脱色效果的最主要因素,光照对不同染料化合物脱色有不同程度的影响。颗粒物浓度升高及粒径降低有利于染料脱色,温度升高,直接耐晒红Ｆ３Ｂ脱色率提高,将不同温度下,该染料脱色率随时间的变化按一级反应动力学方程模拟,再依据阿累尼乌斯方程,求得直接耐晒红Ｆ３Ｂ在天然     

五种农药对三唑酮光解的影响

本文研究了氯氰菊酸，溴氰菊酯，多菌灵，γ－六六六及辛硫磷等五种农药对杀菌剂三唑酮光化学降解的影响，当三唑酮分别与这五种农药以等剂量混合光照后，三唑酮的光解速度加快１．４４－２．４２倍，表现了较强的光敏降解效应，其敏化光解效率我照时间延长而逐渐提高，当三唑酮分别与这五种农药以２：１剂量比混合光照后，仅溴氰菊酯．多菌灵表现敏化降解效应，而氯氰菊酯，γ－六六六及辛硫磷则显示光猝灭降解效应，五种农药对三唑