防灾工程项目评估的基本问题

在分析防灾工作项目特点的项目上,提出了防灾工程项目评估的基本原则,对并防灾工程项目效益和费用的确认与计量问题进行讨论,为进一步研究防灾工程项目评估理论和方法奠定了基础。     

Increasing risk for negative ozone impacts on vegetation in northern Sweden

Trends were found for increasing surface ozone concentrations during April-September in northern Sweden over the period 1990-2006 as well as for an earlier onset of vegetation growing season. The highest ozone concentrations in northern Sweden occurred in April and the ozone concentrations in April showed a strong increasing trend. A model simulation of ozone flux for Norway spruce indicated that the provisional ozone flux based critical level for forests in Europe is exceeded in northern Sweden. Future climate change would have counteracting effects on the stomatal conductance and needle ozone uptake, mediated on the one hand by direct effect of increasing air temperatures and on the other through increasing water vapour pressure difference between the needles and air. Thus, there is a substantial and increasing risk for negative impacts of ozone on vegetation in northern Sweden, related mainly to increasing ozone concentrations and an earlier onset of the growing season.     

Maternal and cord serum exposure to PCB and DDE methyl sulfone metabolites in eastern Slovakia

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were commercially produced between 1959 and 1984 in eastern Slovakia. Improper handling led to a highly contaminated local environment and high levels of PCBs in humans and wildlife in the Michalovce area. The aim of this study was to analyse serum for methylsulfonyl metabolites of PCB (MeSO(2)-PCBs) and DDE (3-MeSO(2)-DDE) in serum samples from pregnant women and in a selected number of paired cord blood samples to assess maternal sulfone levels and patterns, and transplacental transfer of these metabolites. The donating women were from two districts in eastern Slovakia. A liquid-liquid extraction method together with separation of substance groups and further clean-up on silica gel columns were applied prior to analysis by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. 3-MeSO(2)-DDE was the major methyl sulfone in most of the samples followed by a yet not identified MeSO(2)-hexaCB, 4'-MeSO(2)-CB101, 4'-MeSO(2)-CB87 and 4-MeSO(2)-CB149. The women from the contaminated area had three times higher concentrations of the MeSO(2)-PCBs than women from the reference area. This is the first report on methyl sulfone metabolites of PCB and DDE in human cord serum. It is shown that these metabolites are transported through the placenta. The levels of MeSO(2)-PCBs in the maternal serum were about 1.5 times higher than in the corresponding cord serum on a lipid weight basis. For 3-MeSO(2)-DDE, the levels were about the same in maternal and cord serum. The difference in the maternal:cord ratio, comparing MeSO(2)-PCBs with 3-MeSO(2)-DDE might be due to differences in transport through the placenta caused by their different affinities for lipoproteins and plasma proteins.     

变压吸附技术在环境工程中的应用

变压吸附技术具有能耗低、投资少、流程简单、操作方便、可靠性好和自动化程度高等优点,在环境工程领域得到了广泛的应用。介绍了变压吸附技术在废水处理、废气处理、固体废弃物处理等领域的研究进展和应用成果,探讨了在环境工程中应用变压吸附技术的发展方向。     

铜绿微囊藻中性红染色研究

以铜绿微囊藻为材料,研究了中性红染色法在藻细胞活性检测方面的运用。对染色剂浓度、染色时间、细胞密度和细胞活性等条件进行了研究。结果显示,中性红浓度为1/5000,染色时间15min时,染色率可以达到98%以上。而常用的台盼蓝染色效果较差,只有50%左右。在藻细胞活性检测中,中性红比台盼蓝更准确和可靠。     

热镀锌过程污染综合防治改造工程实践

热镀锌生产是传统的重污染行业,单纯的"三废"治理,不仅存在着治理费用高,且存在着"二次污染"的问题。通过以广州某热镀锌生产污染综合防治改造工程为例,全面分析生产过程中存在的污染源,通过对生产工艺进行改造,提高原料及能源利用率,减少污染物的产生,实现污染的全过程综合防治,在此基础上,总结成功实施的经验,为类似项目的污染防治工作提供参考和借鉴。     

快速生物活性测定方法的仪器化

好氧活性污泥法在污水处理中应用广泛.保持污泥活性,是良好处理效果的前提,也是运行控制的主要目标.活性污泥的呼吸速率,或者氧利用速率(oxygen uptake rate,OUR),能够指示污泥的活性变化.本研究开发的快速生物活性测定仪(rapid biological activity tester,RBAT),能够快速测定污泥活性参数,满足工程设计与运行的迫切要求.     

准好氧填埋场FSQ标准的室内模拟研究

以室内模拟实验为基础,对准好氧填埋场的FSQ标准作了相关研究.实验结果表明,准好氧填埋的渗滤液COD与其他指标的变化具有明显的不同步性,根据该特点,把准好氧填埋场的稳定化过程划分为不稳定、基本稳定和完全稳定3个阶段.相应把准好氧填埋的FSQ标准分为2级:基本稳定状态时的FSQ二级标准,完全稳定状态时的FSQ一级标准.在评价基本稳定状态时,场地沉降量为控制性指标,确定准好氧填埋的FSQ二级标准为:填埋场地总沉降量占垃圾初始填埋高度的比例≥30%,渗滤液COD≤400 mg/L、NH3-N≤15 mg/L、TVS/TDS≤6%,固相垃圾BDM≤6%;在评价完全稳定状态时,渗滤液COD作为控制性指标,概化总结出准好氧填埋的FSQ一级标准为:填埋场地总沉降量占垃圾初始填埋高度的比例＞30%,渗滤液COD≤100 mg/L、NH3-N≤15mg/L、TVS/TDS≤3%,固相垃圾BDM≤3%.     

钢铁厂冷轧废水污泥中铬回收实验研究

钢铁厂冷轧废水污泥中含有10%以上的铬、20%以上的铁和1.5%以上的锌(均以质量分数计).为了从污泥中回收铬,首先研究了污泥中铬的形态,确定为Cr(Ⅲ);然后以碳酸钠为氧化助剂,将污泥与碳酸钠按一定比例混合后焙烧,再用水浸取.研究了碳酸钠的添加量、焙烧温度和时间、浸取时间和浸取方式对铬回收率的影响.研究表明,每克干污泥中添加0.6 g或以上碳酸钠,在固定床上700 ℃焙烧4 h以上,可实现60%以上的总铬浸出率,残渣为Fe2O3基脱硫剂原料.