An investigation of changes in water quality throughout the drinking water production/distribution chain using toxicological and fluorescence analyses

Changes in water quality from source water to finished water and tap water at two conventional drinking water treatment plants(DWTPs) were monitored.Beside the routine water quality testing,Caenorhabditis elegans-based toxicity assays and the fluorescence excitation–emission matrices technique were also applied.Both DWTPs supplied drinking water that met government standards.Under current test conditions,both the investigated finished water and tap water samples exhibited stronger lethal,genotoxic and reprotoxic potential than the relative source water sample,and the tap water sample was more lethal but tended to be less genotoxic than the corresponding finished water sample.Meanwhile,the nearly complete removal of tryptophan-like substances and newly generated tyrosine-like substances were observed after the treatment of drinking water,and humic-like substances were identified in the tap water.Based on these findings,toxic pollutants,including genotoxic/reproductive toxicants,are produced in the drinking water treatment and/or distribution processes.Moreover,further studies are needed to clarify the potentially important roles of tyrosine-like and humic-like substances in mediating drinking water toxicity and to identify the potential sources of these contaminants.Additionally,tryptophan-like fluorescence may be adopted as a useful parameter to monitor the treatment performance of DWTPs.Our observations provided insights into the importance of utilizing biotoxicity assays and fluorescence spectroscopy as tools to complement the routine evaluation of drinking water.     

Plasmonic silver/silver oxide nanoparticles anchored bismuth vanadate as a novel visible-light ternary photocatalyst for degrading pharmaceutical micropollutants

The degradation of pharmaceutical micropollutants is an intensifying environmental problem and synthesis of efficient photocatalysts for this purpose is one of the foremost challenges worldwide. Therefore, this study was conducted to develop novel plasmonic Ag/Ag₂O/BiVO₄ nanocomposite photocatalysts by simple precipitation and thermal decomposition methods, which could exhibit higher photocatalytic activity for mineralized pharmaceutical micropollutants. Among the different treatments, the best performance was observed for the Ag/Ag₂O/BiVO₄ nanocomposites (5 wt.%; 10 min's visible light irradiation) which exhibited 6.57 times higher photodegradation rate than the pure BiVO₄. Further, the effects of different influencing factors on the photodegradation system of tetracycline hydrochloride (TC-HCl) were investigated and the feasibility for its practical application was explored through the specific light sources, water source and cycle experiments. The mechanistic study demonstrated that the photogenerated holes (h⁺), superoxide radicals (?O₂^?) and hydroxyl radicals (?OH) participated in TC-HCl removal process, which is different from the pure BiVO₄ reaction system. Hence, the present work can provide a new approach for the formation of novel plasmonic photocatalysts with high photoactivity and can act as effective practical application for environmental remediation.     

Metabolomic modulations in a freshwater microbial community exposed to the fungicide azoxystrobin

An effective broad-spectrum fungicide, azoxystrobin (AZ), has been widely detected in aquatic ecosystems, potentially affecting the growth of aquatic microorganisms. In the present study, the eukaryotic alga Monoraphidium sp. and the cyanobacterium Pseudanabaena sp. were exposed to AZ for 7 days. Our results showed that 0.2–0.5 mg/L concentrations of AZ slightly inhibited the growth of Monoraphidium sp. but stimulated Pseudanabaena sp. growth. Meanwhile, AZ treatment effectively increased the secretion of total organic carbon (TOC) in the culture media of the two species, and this phenomenon was also found in a freshwater microcosm experiment (containing the natural microbial community). We attempted to assess the effect of AZ on the function of aquatic microbial communities through metabolomic analysis and further explore the potential risks of this compound. The metabonomic profiles of the microcosm indicated that the most varied metabolites after AZ treatment were related to the citrate cycle (TCA), fatty acid biosynthesis and purine metabolism. We thereby inferred that the microbial community increased extracellular secretions by adjusting metabolic pathways, which might be a stress response to reduce AZ toxicity. Our results provide an important theoretical basis for further study of fungicide stress responses in aquatic microcosm microbial communities, as well as a good start for further explorations of AZ detoxification mechanisms, which will be valuable for the evaluation of AZ environmental risk.     

基于底栖动物的松花江流域不同地形分区水质指标阈值研究

为全面了解松花江流域不同地形分区内底栖动物群落对水质指标的响应规律,识别不同分区水质指标指示物种的差异,于2016—2018年对松花江流域97个采样点的水质指标〔EC、ρ（DO）、ρ（COD_Mn）、ρ（NH₃-N）、ρ（TN）、ρ（TP）〕和大型底栖动物群落进行调查分析,采用临界指示物种分析法（threshold indicator taxa analysis,TITAN）分别探讨松花江流域山区、丘陵区和平原区水质指标的生态阈值,当污染物浓度超过负响应阈值时敏感种密度降低,当超过正响应阈值时耐受种也会受到明显影响,底栖动物群落结构会发生显著变化.将TITAN法所得的负响应阈值作为触发底栖动物群落发生变化的最低值,正响应阈值为底栖动物群落的耐受极限值.结果表明:①松花江流域水质指标在不同地形分区内的阈值不同,除ρ（DO）和ρ（COD_Mn）外,其他指标负响应阈值均表现为山区 < 丘陵区 < 平原区,ρ（DO）则表现相反,ρ（COD_Mn）在丘陵区出现最高阈值（5.46 mg/L）、山区出现最低阈值（4.01 mg/L）.除ρ（DO）以外,其他指标的正响应阈值均呈山区 < 丘陵区 < 平原区的趋势,ρ（DO）正响应阈值的变化趋势则与之相反.②松花江流域内超过50%的采样点水质指标值均超过其负响应阈值,超出正响应阈值的采样点比例在6%~40%之间,说明流域受到一定的干扰,但干扰程度不严重.③同一物种在不同地形分区内对水体理化指标的指示方向可能相反.萝卜螺属在丘陵区为ρ（NH₃-N）的正响应指示物种,在平原区则转变为负响应指示物种;短沟蜷属在丘陵区为ρ（TN）和ρ（TP）的正响应物种,在平原区则转变为负响应物种.研究显示,大型底栖动物群落结构的分布特征是影响水质指标阈值指示物种识别的主要原因,而不同分区的自然地理状况、栖境状况和水质状况则是造成大型底栖动物群落结构分布差异的主要因素.      

长江中下游环境DNA宏条形码生物多样性检测技术初步研究

长江生物多样性在人为影响下面临严重威胁,物种监测是生物多样性保护的基础,为完善长江水生态监测体系,实现高效无损伤的物种监测,在长江中下游干流3个江段（新滩、安庆和芜湖）采集水样,建立长江水样环境DNA宏条形码物种检测体系并评估其有效性.结果表明:①长江中下游环境DNA宏条形码检测到32个物种,包括20种鱼类、1种水生哺乳动物（长江江豚）和11种陆生动物,其中鱼类物种包括鲤形目、鲇形目、鲈形目和鲱形目,其种数占鱼类总种数的比例分别为60%、25%、10%和5%.②长江中下游渔获物中资源量居首位的鲤形目在环境DNA调查中序列数最多,占鱼类总序列的96.2%,其次为鲱形目（占比为3.5%）,鲇形目和鲈形目占比较低,分别为0.2%和0.1%,4个类目序列相对丰度与渔获物种资源量组成差异较大.③环境DNA调查次数约占传统渔获物调查次数的几十至几百分之一,采样时间不足努力量最少的渔获物调查的1%,检测到的鱼类种数为传统调查总数的31%~49%.④安庆采样点位于长江中下游长江江豚密度最高的江段,其环境DNA检出率和序列相对丰度在3个采样点中均最高.研究显示:长江水样环境DNA包含水陆复合生态系统的生物多样性信息,利用水样环境DNA宏条形码可检测不同类群的水生和陆生物种;对于鱼类物种检测,环境DNA宏条形码比传统调查方法效率更高,可对传统调查结果进行补充;环境DNA宏条形码生物多样性检测主要受分子标记体系和核酸序列数据库限制,获取全面的物种多样性和资源量信息需要对检测分析方法进行进一步完善.      

UASB启动运行特征及互营丙酸氧化菌定量分析

为揭示升流式厌氧污泥床（UASB）反应器启动运行效能与互营丙酸降解菌群数量之间的关系,以稀释的玉米淀粉生产废水为底物,考察了UASB启动期的运行特征,并采用实时荧光定量PCR技术（qPCR）分析了互营丙酸降解菌群（丙酸氧化菌和产甲烷菌）的演替规律.结果表明,在进水COD 2000mg/L和水力停留时间（HRT）24h条件下,经过38d的连续运行,COD去除率达到了91.9%.当HRT分阶段缩短至8h时,比产甲烷速率达到了315LCH₄/（kg COD·d）,且形成了沉降性能良好的颗粒污泥.qPCR检测结果表明,至少有5种已鉴定的丙酸氧化菌存在于UASB反应器中.Pelotomaculum propionicum为接种污泥中的主要丙酸氧化菌,约占检测到丙酸氧化菌总数的45.7%.它的数量随着HRT缩短不断减少.而Syntrophobacter sulfatireducens和S.wolinii的数量随着HRT缩短不断增加,并在启动完成时达到最大值,分别为1.3×10³,5.5×10³个16S rRNA基因拷贝数/ng DNA,演替成为成熟颗粒污泥中的优势丙酸氧化菌群.Methanobacterium和Methanosarcina为接种污泥中的主要氢营养型产甲烷菌和乙酸营养型产甲烷菌,其数量随着HRT的缩短而逐渐减少,而Methanospirillum和Methanosaeta的数量随HRT的缩短逐渐增加,成为成熟颗粒污泥中的优势产甲烷菌群.     

典型西南工业城市春冬季PM2.5来源与潜在源区分析——以柳州市为例

为了揭示柳州城区春冬季PM_2.5的来源及其潜在源区分布和贡献,利用2018年24h自动监测数据和气象数据对柳州市大气污染物浓度变化特征进行了分析,并且使用后向轨迹模型（HYSPLIT）对春冬季柳州市PM_2.5逐日72h气流后向轨迹和前向轨迹进行聚类分析,同时结合潜在源贡献因子分析法（WPSCF）和轨迹浓度权重法（WCWT）对其潜在源区和浓度贡献进行了分析.结果显示,（1）在研究期内,不利的主导风向和工业区布局导致研究区PM_2.5在春冬季污染较严重,且工业源和交通源是其主要本地来源;（2）春冬季PM_2.5高值主要来源于西北和东南方向,其中,西北向PM_2.5主要来源于本地排放,且浓度在空间上呈现西高东低的趋势;（3）春季后向轨迹PM_2.5浓度整体大于冬季,春冬季中对柳州市PM_2.5影响最大轨迹均来自东部的短距离输送,而来自西北的气流轨迹输对PM_2.5贡献最低.春冬季柳州市大气PM_2.5通过气流传输对贵州地区大气环境有较大影响;（4）春季,柳州市PM_2.5的主要潜在源区分布在广西东南部、广东中西部、南海沿岸海域、湖南中部、江西西北部、湖北东部及安徽西北部;冬季,主要分布在广西东南部、广东西南部和南海沿岸海域.     

南京八卦洲农用地表层土壤重金属分布特征及风险评价

为查明南京八卦洲土壤重金属污染物类型及其影响范围,于2017年12月在洲内采集了471个表层土壤样品,测定了pH及As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn等8种重金属元素浓度,采用单因子指数法、内梅罗综合指数法和潜在生态危害指数法进行了污染风险评价。研究结果表明:As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb和Zn平均浓度分别为10.66、0.32、86.74、43.25、0.10、40.34、33.50和108.33 mg·kg-1,除As、Hg元素外,其余6种元素均超过南京市背景值,出现大范围的富集;Cd元素为研究区主要污染物,绝大部分为Ⅱ级轻微污染,均分布于八卦洲服务区附近的中、酸性土覆盖区,需做好安全利用措施。从全区来看研究区大部分农用地土壤处于安全生产级别,仅有少部分区域处于Ⅱ级和Ⅲ级风险水平,总体上潜在生态危害较低。     

机载产品盐雾试验结果评定判据分析与探讨

针对当前机载产品盐雾试验标准中缺少明确、可量化评估指标,试验结果评定判据粗略笼统且以定性评价为主,已不能满足产品发展和使用环境扩展需求等现状,在总结国内外现行盐雾试验标准的结果评定要求基础上,分析当前机载产品盐雾结果评定判据存在的问题与不足,从管理和技术两个层面提出改进试验结果评定可操作性的建议,指导机载产品盐雾试验实施与评价。     

石英灯辐射加热条件下低密度碳/酚醛复合材料高温响应及分析

目的研究低密度碳/酚醛复合材料在不同地面加热实验测试响应的差异性,指导材料在实际应用环境下的高温响应分析。方法对低密度碳/酚醛复合材料开展了热流为400 kW/m~2的单侧石英灯辐射加热实验,利用热电偶测温系统测量试件在加热过程中不同位置的温度时间历程,并对试件的烧蚀形貌和微观结构进行观测。同时与热流为464k W/m~2的氧乙炔加热陶瓷板辐射加热实验结果进行对比分析,并且采用有限元方法对材料的传热传质多场耦合计算进行分析。结果对于石英灯辐射加热,在测量点升温到接近200℃时,温度响应拐点都依次出现。由于加热的辐射热源不同,在不同的辐射波段下,多孔材料吸收和发射的热量不同,短时间内氧乙炔加热陶瓷板辐射加热使材料内部升温速率比石英灯辐射加热实验的要快,但长时间加热时现象刚好相反。结论进行传热传质多场耦合计算材料高温响应时,合理确定材料宏观性能随温度的变化至关重要。