桂林中小河流洪涝气象风险预警系统设计

基于自动站、数值预报和雷达估测降水等多种雨量资料,利用ArcGIS技术提取河流的经纬度、流域范围,利用泰森多边形技术计算流域面雨量,结合对桂林中小河流域的历史暴雨洪涝风险个例分析结果,确定临界面雨量,建立桂林中小河流域洪涝灾害风险等级预警系统。利用数学内插技术进行雨量精细化插值,实现全市100多个水库、200多条河流关键点的雨量监测、预报、预警。利用Web和GIS技术实现桂林中小河流洪涝预警网页发布。     

后汶川地震时期地震遗产旅游综合集成发展模式研究

中国在汶川地震后日益重视地震遗迹的旅游开发问题,龙门山地区是发展地震遗产旅游的关键区域。后汶川地震时期,地震遗产旅游的健康发展受到龙门山地区复杂多变的地质灾害环境的困扰。因此,对于地震遗产旅游的开发与管理等相关问题的研究不应只局限于短时间的震后恢复重建,而应以地震灾害事件的发展演变过程为时间轴,在其不同阶段均设置相应的动态应对措施。在回溯地震遗产旅游研究进展及该区域地震专题旅游发展现状的基础上,将系统工程的"三维结构体系"运用于解决"地震遗产旅游发展三维结构体系的构建",在此基础上提出了"地震遗产旅游综合集成发展模式"。研究结果为地震专题旅游开发中其它具体模式的理论框架,也为地震遗产旅游动态地应对地震等次生地质灾害的潜在威胁提供指导,其实践价值有赖于后续研究与实践的完善。     

恐怖诡异的自然灾害

秘鲁大雪崩 秘鲁位于南美洲西部,拥有一望无际的海岸线．长达3000多公里。它又是一个多山的国家,山地面积占全国总面积的一半,著名的安第斯山脉的瓦斯卡兰山峰,     

生物沸石床污水脱氮效果及机理

研究了生物沸石床对模拟村镇生活污水中各形态氮及COD等污染物的去除效果结果表明,生物沸石床对NH₃^--N去除效果明显且稳定,去除率大于95%,对NO₃^--N的去除则受水力停留时间的影响较大从机理分析,生物沸石对NH₃-N的去除主要依靠化学吸附、离子交换以及生物硝化的协同作用,而对NO₃^--N的去除主要依赖反硝化作用.生物沸石的硝化作用明显,并受溶解氧浓度限制,沸石床中部沸石硝化强度只有表层沸石的1/2;其反硝化能力则随实验条件中C/N的不同而变化明显,当COD/TN=5时,反硝化作用最强,在时间变化规律上,前6h反硝化速率最大.     

Environmental dispersivity in free-water-surface-effect dominated wetland: multi-scale analysis

Distinct from the case with width-dominated shallow wetland flows, the longitudinal evolution of contaminant concentration in the most-typical pattern of wetland as dominated by free-water-surface-effect is characterized by a multi-scale analysis in the present study. An environmental dispersion model for the evolution of the mean concentration is deduced as an extension of Taylor's classical formulation by Mei’s multi-scale analysis. Corresponding environmental dispersivity is found identical to that determined by the method of concentration moments.     

A building-based data capture and data mining technique for air quality assessment

Recently, a building-based air quality model system which can predict air quality in front of individual buildings along both sides of a road has been developed. Using the Macau Peninsula as a case study, this paper shows the advantages of building-based model system in data capture and data mining. Compared with the traditional grid-based model systems with input/output spatial resolutions of 1–2 km, the building-based approach can extract the street configuration and traffic data building by building and therefore, can capture the complex spatial variation of traffic emission, urban geometry, and air pollution. The non-homogeneous distribution of air pollution in the Macau Peninsula was modeled in a high-spatial resolution of 319 receptors·km^-2. The spatial relationship among air quality, traffic flow, and urban geometry in the historic urban area is investigated. The study shows that the building-based approach may open an innovative methodology in data mining of urban spatial data for environmental assessment. The results are particularly useful to urban planners when they need to consider the influences of urban form on street environment.     

Metal removal with two biochars made from municipal organic waste: adsorptive characterization and surface complexation modeling

The adsorptive characteristics of biochar produced from garden green waste (S-char) and a mixture of food waste and garden green waste (FS-char) were investigated. Adsorption of Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Mn²⁺ onto the two biochars reached equilibrium within 48 hours. The metal adsorption was effectively described by the pseudo-second-order kinetic and Freundlich isotherm models which suggest heterogeneous chemisorption. The initial solution pH influenced adsorption of Zn²⁺ and Mn²⁺ but not of Cu²⁺. Simulation via a surface complexation model showed that the fraction of XOCu⁺ adsorbed onto biochar was increased with increasing pH until it reached the adsorption maximum at pH 8.5, while the endpoint for the maximum of XOMn⁺ was higher than pH 12.     

济南冬春季室内空气PM_(2.5)中多环芳烃污染特征及健康风险评价

2010年冬春季,在济南典型室内环境(超市、办公室和餐厅)采集了PM2.5样品,并对其多环芳烃(PAHs)进行了分析.结果表明,采样期间办公室的PAHs平均浓度最高,为93.11 ng.m-3,超市和餐厅的PAHs平均浓度分别为42.97 ng.m-3和26.65 ng.m-3.超市和办公室的多环芳烃均以室外源(燃煤)为主,吸烟导致办公室轻环多环芳烃浓度升高,高于室外相应物种的浓度,餐厅的轻环多环芳烃和重环多环芳烃分别来源于室内烹饪和室外的机动车尾气.与室外相比,超市和办公室PAHs中的菲(Phe)和苯并[b+k]荧蒽(BbkF)占总PAHs的比例较高,达到10%—15%,这与冬季室内使用中央空调取暖密不可分.超市、办公室和餐厅的毒性当量浓度值(BEQ)分别为7.05 ng.m-3、10.75 ng.m-3和0.75 ng.m-3.其中办公室的毒性当量浓度高于我国规定10 ng.m-3.超市,办公室和餐厅的PAHs暴露致终身肺癌风险度分别为0.6×10-3、0.9×10-3和6.5×10-5,均超过了世界卫生组织的建议值(10-5),超市和办公室的终身致癌健康风险高于美国最高法院规定的10-3的显著水平,说明生活在超市和办公室致癌风险高.     

Roles of digital technology in China's sustainable forestry development

China has the fifth largest forest area in the world and any change in China's forestry development will have inevitable impacts on global ecological sustainability. China has undergone excessive logging of natural forests and also made tremendous efforts in afforestation during the past half century. China's forestry is now going through a variety of transitions and several forestry programs have been implemented to drive forestry transitions. The goal of these actions is to protect ecological services of forests and sustain China's forestry development. These forestry programs are spatially sophisticated and cannot be successfully implemented without accurate and transparent forest/forestry information. A variety of digital technologies, including forest modeling, remote sensing, geographic information systems, global positioning systems, and visualization, have been applied in handling diverse information in China's forestry. Digital forestry is not just a theoretical concept in China. Our digital forestry experience in northeast China suggests that digital technology is both usable and useful in China's forestry development. Digital technology is playing an important interactive role in China's top-down forestry administration system. The analog-to-digital transition in technology is expected to lead to the success of forestry programs and forestry transitions in China.     

Analysis of household energy consumption and related CO2 emissions in the disregarded villages of Lijiang City,China

Energy is one of the most important elements required for poverty alleviation and socioeconomic development, and it has a particularly strong impact on households in rural areas. An extensive survey on household energy consumption patterns that interrelates socioeconomic and demographic factors was conducted in the disregarded villages of Lijiang City by using the stratified random sampling technique for 120 households. This study focuses on household energy consumption and the related carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions in the study area. Firewood, biogas, and electricity were identified as the main energy sources of the rural households. This study demonstrates that 100% of the households use firewood, 52% use biogas, and 95% use electricity as fuel types. On average, each household consumed 1752 kg of firewood, 280 m³ of biogas, and 392 kWh of electricity annually. All households generated an annual average amount of CO₂ emissions of 3851 kg, of which 85.08% come from firewood, 7.66% from biogas, and 7.26% from electricity. Family size, income, and educational level were found to be the major factors that influence CO₂ emissions. The results of this study may be useful in explaining the energy consumption characteristics in the rural areas of Lijiang City and are expected to be useful in policy formulation for energy consumption and environmental protection.