云南兰坪县城滑坡地质特征及其成因分析

2000年9月兰坪县城发生特大型山体滑坡,造成重大经济损失,采取挡墙、抗滑桩等措施后,北部边坡局部基本稳定,南部依见明显新变形,2010~2013年尤甚。基于滑坡现状特征及区域地质环境条件分析,提出了以隐伏断裂(F2)为界将滑坡区重新分块,能够合理反映滑坡的变形破坏特征,并为类似滑坡地质勘察加强针对隐伏断裂的影响分析具有重要的借鉴意义。通过分析滑坡体地质及变形破坏特征,认为滑坡的成因主要受控于滑坡区发育的不利岩性条件及地质结构面,水~岩作用是导致岩体崩解破坏诱发滑坡的主要因素。     

Effects of two polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-47, BDE-209) on the swimming behavior,population growth and reproduction of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers(PBDEs) are new kinds of persistent organic pollutants(POPs) and their potential threats to the equilibrium and sustainability of marine ecosystems have raised worldwide concerns. Here, two kinds of PBDEs, tetra-BDE(BDE-47)and deca-BDE(BDE-209) were applied, and their toxic effects on the swimming behavior,population growth and reproduction of Brachionus plicatilis were investigated. The results showed that:(1) The actual concentrations of BDE-47 and-209 in the seawater phase measured by GC–MS(Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer) were much lower than their nominal concentrations.(2) In accordance with the 24-hr acute tests, BDE-209 did not show any obvious swimming inhibition to rotifers, but a good correlation did exist between the swimming inhibition rate and BDE-47 concentration suggesting that BDE-47 is more toxic than BDE-209.(3) Both BDE-47 and-209 had a significant influence on the population growth and reproduction parameters of B. plicatilis including the population growth rate, the ratio of ovigerous females/non-ovigerous females(OF/NOF), the ratio of mictic females/amictic females(MF/AF), resting egg production and the mictic rate, which indicate that these parameters in B. plicatilis population were suitable for monitoring and assessing PBDEs. Our results suggest that BDE-47 and-209 are not acute lethal toxicants and may pose a low risk to marine rotifers at environmental concentrations for short-term exposure. They also accumulate differently into rotifers. Further research data are needed to understand the mechanisms responsible for the effects caused by PBDEs and to assess their risks accurately.     

轻质油中间原料储罐腐蚀现状及对策

对近年来加工原料劣质化后轻质油中间原料储罐腐蚀问题突出和腐蚀导致的安全事故多发的现状进行了论述,介绍了中国石化轻质油中间原料储罐的调研情况和发现的主要问题,从多个方面提出了轻质油中间原料储罐的防腐对策.     

黑碳气溶胶的测量方法对比研究

大气黑碳气溶胶主要有光学分析法、热学分析法以及热光结合分析法。利用苏州南门国控子站的碳分析数据,对三种黑碳浓度测量方法进行对比并分析其差异来源。主要得出以下结论:黑碳仪衰减系数无普适标准,热学分析法使有机碳碳化、元素碳不完全分离,TOT法协议设置存在争议是三种方法存在差异的主要原因。     

Trends of the sunshine duration and diffuse radiation percentage on sunny days in urban agglomerations of China during 1960–2005

The long-term observational data of sunshine duration (SD) and diffuse radiation percentage (defined as diffuse solar radiation/total solar radiation, DRP) on sunny days during 1960–2005 were analyzed in 7 urban agglomerations and the whole of China. The results show that the sunny sunshine duration (SSD) has decreased significantly except at a few stations over northwestern China in the past 46 years. An obvious decrease of the SSD is found in eastern China, with the trend coefficients lower than − 0.8. Accompanied by the SSD decline, the sunny diffuse radiation percentage (SDRP) in most stations shows obvious increasing trends during the 46 years. The averaged SDRP over China has increased 2.33% per decade, while the averaged SSD shows a decrease of − 0.13 hr/day per decade. The correlation coefficient between SDRP and SSD is − 0.88. SSD decreased over urban agglomerations (small to large city clusters) in the past 46 years, especially in large cities and medium cities, due to the strong anthropogenic activities and air pollution represented by aerosol option depth (AOD) and tropospheric column NO₂ (TroNO₂). On the regional scale, SSD has an opposite trend from SDRP during 1960 to 2005, and the variation trends of regional mean values of SSD and SDRP in southeastern China are more pronounced than those in northwestern China.     

超声雾化法捕集气溶胶的试验研究

核设施退役过程,放射性气溶胶浓度较高,需要进行处理,以降低工作人员辐照风险。研究捕集剂配方、雾化通入量等对模拟气溶胶捕集效果的影响,结果表明:捕集剂配方对气溶胶捕集的效果差异明显;粒径越小的气溶胶粒子被雾化捕集的速度较慢;捕集剂通入量在0.06 kg/m3以下,对气溶胶捕集效果影响显著。对等离子切割解体设备产生的241Am、239Pu污染气溶胶进行雾化捕集,初始污染水平为136 Bq/m3的气溶胶经雾化捕集后可降至1.23 Bq/m3,捕集的效果显著。     

Effects of two polybrominated diphenyl ethers (BDE-47, BDE-209) on the swimming behavior, population growth and reproduction of the rotifer Brachionus plicatilis

Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are new kinds of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) and their potential threats to the equilibrium and sustainability of marine ecosystems have raised worldwide concerns. Here, two kinds of PBDEs, tetra-BDE (BDE-47) and deca-BDE (BDE-209) were applied, and their toxic effects on the swimming behavior, population growth and reproduction of Brachionus plicatilis were investigated. The results showed that: (1) The actual concentrations of BDE-47 and -209 in the seawater phase measured by GC-MS (Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometer) were much lower than their nominal concentrations. (2) In accordance with the 24-hr acute tests, BDE-209 did not show any obvious swimming inhibition to rotifers, but a good correlation did exist between the swimming inhibition rate and BDE-47 concentration suggesting that BDE-47 ismore toxic than BDE-209. (3) Both BDE-47 and -209 had a significant influence on the population growth and reproduction parameters of B. plicatilis including the population growth rate, the ratio of ovigerous females/non-ovigerous females (OF/NOF), the ratio of mictic females/amictic females (MF/AF), resting egg production and the mictic rate, which indicate that these parameters in B. plicatilis population were suitable for monitoring and assessing PBDEs. Our results suggest that BDE-47 and -209 are not acute lethal toxicants and may pose a low risk to marine rotifers at environmental concentrations for short-term exposure. They also accumulate differently into rotifers. Further research data are needed to understand the mechanisms responsible for the effects caused by PBDEs and to assess their risks accurately.     

Salinity influence on soil microbial respiration rate of wetland in the Yangtze River estuary through changing microbial community

Estuarine wetland, where freshwater mixes with salt water, comprises different regions（rivers and marine ecosystems） with significantly varying tidal salinities. Two sampling areas, ZXS and JS, were selected to investigate the effect of tidal salinity on soil respiration（SR）. ZXS and JS were located in Zhongxia Shoal and Jiangyanan Shoal of Jiuduansha Wetland respectively, with similar elevation and plant species, but significantly different in salinity. The results showed that with almost identical plant biomass, the SR and soil microbial respiration（SMR） of the tidal wetland with lower salinity（JS） were significantly higher than those of the tidal wetland with higher salinity（ZXS）（p 〈 0.05）. However, unlike SMR and SR, the difference in the soil microbial biomass（SMB） was not significant（p 〉 0.05）with the SMB of ZXS a little higher than that of JS. The higher SMR and SR of JS may be closely connected to the soil microbial community structures and amount of dominant bacteria. Abundant β- and γ-Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria in JS soil, which have strong heterotrophic metabolic capabilities, could be the main reason for higher SMR and SR,whereas a high number of ε-Proteobacteria in ZXS, some of which have carbon fixation ability, could be responsible for relatively lower carbon output. Path analysis indicated that soil salinity had the maximum negative total influencing coefficient with SMR among the various soil physical and chemical factors, suggesting that higher soil salinity, restricting highly heterotrophic bacteria, is the principle reason for lower SMR and SR in the ZXS.     

烟花燃放气对环境和健康影响与管理对策研究

春节期间,烟花燃放产生的烟气含有重金属的微小粒子,对城市环境空气中污染物浓度的上升关联度较高。燃放期间空气中的颗粒物成分和重金属成分浓度急剧升高,对市民的身体健康影响很大,使医院中呼吸系统、心脑血管系统等急性病症的发生率也相应升高。为了减轻烟花燃放可能对环境和人体造成的不利影响,建议节日期间不燃放或适当、适量地燃放烟花爆竹,提高烟花爆竹产品的科技含量以及全社会共同监管烟花爆竹的生产、流通、分配、消费等活动。     

国内外水泥工业大气污染物排放标准比较研究

新修订GB 4915-2013《水泥工业大气污染物排放标准》于2014年3月1日实施.该标准将成为水泥工业防治污染、减排总量、调整结构、优化布局的重要抓手.本文对我国、美国、欧盟、日本相关排放标准(或指令)进行了研究,对比了污染物项目、控制指标、限值严格程度、实施手段等方面的异同,提出了标准建议,为我国排放标准制修订工作提供参考,有助于提高环境管理和污染控制水平.