BiVO_4催化剂的离子液体辅助水热合成及其可见光催化活性

采用溴化1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑([Bmim]Br)离子液体辅助水热合成法制备了光催化剂Bi VO4。以高压氙灯作为可见光源,亚甲基蓝为目标污染物,考察反应温度、p H、反应时间和离子用量等制备条件对Bi VO4的可见光催化活性的影响,确定了最佳制备条件。并采用XRD、SEM和UV-Vis漫反射等分析手段对催化剂的晶相、形貌和光学特性进行了表征。结果表明,在离子液体加入量为2 m L、p H=4、反应温度为180℃、反应时间为4 h的条件下,制得的Bi VO4催化剂的可见光光催化活性最高。制得的Bi VO4为单斜相,呈分散的、大小均匀的片状,在200~500 nm范围有一个较宽的强吸收平台,具有良好的可见光催化活性,在可见光照射下对浓度为5 mg/L的亚甲基蓝的光催化脱色率达97%以上。     

新型活性焦干法脱硫脱硝脱汞反应塔流场的模拟与优化

在CFD软件Fluent中,选择k-ε湍流模型,多孔介质模型和SIMPLE算法,对新型脱硫脱硝脱汞反应塔内的三维流场进行数值模拟,结果发现,反应塔入口处烟气流场存在大漩涡。为消除漩涡,使穿过活性焦层的烟气均匀化,以充分利用活性焦层的空间来提高脱除效率,提出在入口处加装弯曲导流板,并通过相对标准偏差确定最优导流板长度。同时模拟了在最优喷氨位置处加装涡旋混合器时氨气和烟气的混合情况。结果表明,最优导流板长度(3.6 m)明显改善了烟气的均匀性,促使入口处的压降下降100 Pa左右。涡旋混合器形成的小漩涡,增强了烟气和氨气的混合。最后对照不同流量下实验值和模拟值的压降变化,验证了多孔介质模型的可行性。模拟结果对设备的优化设计和实际运行具有指导作用。     

水体铯污染的生物效应与修复植物筛选

研究铯对水生植物的生物效应,筛选对铯富集能力强的水生植物,能够为水体铯污染的修复治理提供方法依据。设计铯污染浓度为0、0.5、2.5和10 mg/L,9种水生植物,3次重复,研究铯对不同水生植物生物效应(BE)和不同水生植物对铯的吸收和富集情况。结果表明,不同植物对水体铯污染有不同的反应。就增加鲜重而言,绿萍、水花生、轮叶狐狸藻、水蓼、水葱增加鲜重大于对照;眼子菜、水葫芦、水稻增加鲜重小于对照;不同植物的铯含量不同。平均铯含量依次为水花生水蓼水稻水葫芦水葱眼子菜轮叶狐狸藻绿萍,其中水花生为935.12 mg/kg DW,水蓼为825.93 mg/kg DW,水稻为723.38 mg/kg DW;不同植物清除水体铯污染的能力不同。收获时水体铯浓度降低最多至最少的依次是水蓼、水花生、水稻、轮叶狐狸藻、水葱、水葫芦、绿萍和眼子菜。根据生物效应、植物铯含量、水体铯减少情况,水花生、水蓼、水葫芦和水稻可以作为铯污染水体修复植物。     

CNTs-CeO_2/H_2O_2复合光催化氧化体系降解水中酸性橙Ⅱ

运用"化学沉淀法",将Ce O2负载到碳纳米管(CNTs)上制备复合光催化剂,采用"单因素实验法"优化了制备条件。运用透射电镜和X射线衍射仪对复合光催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,负载到CNTs上的Ce O2为多晶面心立方结构,尺寸大小在6~10 nm之间,其在CNTs上分散效果好,负载均匀且负载率高。在溶液p H为5,CNTs-Ce O2用量为0.50g/L并光照2 h后,酸性橙Ⅱ的光脱色率和TOC去除率分别达到64.71%和44.25%;加入0.02 mmol/L H2O2后,CNTsCe O2/H2O2复合体系对酸性橙Ⅱ的光脱色率和TOC去除率分别提高至91.35%和82.40%。这预示着CNTs-Ce O2/H2O2复合光催化氧化体系在对水中偶氮染料的光催化处理方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

含油浮渣制备含碳吸附剂并用于含油污水的处理

以含油浮渣为原料制备含碳吸附剂,并用于含油污水的处理。用比表面分析仪和SEM技术对吸附剂进行表征。通过正交实验和单因素实验考察吸附剂加入量、吸附时间及温度、污水pH对污水处理效果的影响。表征结果显示,含碳吸附剂碳元素含量高达90%(w)以上,表面粗糙,孔径分布以中孔为主,比表面积477.5 m2/g,碘吸附值376.48 mg/g。实验结果表明:在吸附温度30℃及时间60 min、含碳吸附剂加入量20 g/L、污水pH为7的最佳实验条件下,处理初始COD为502.12 mg/L、石油类质量浓度45.31 mg/L.的含油污水,COD和石油类的去除率分别为91.51%和87.1%,处理后的COD和石油类质量浓度分别为42.62 mg/L和5.83 mg/1,达到GB 8978—1996《污水综合排放标准》中的二级排放标准;含碳吸附剂的污水处理效果优于术质活性炭。     

含腈废水处理过程中污染物的转化规律

对某石化企业含腈废水的处理工艺进行了评估,从污染物的来源、组成、处理效果等方面研究了污染物的转化规律,揭示了现有工艺在含腈废水处理过程中的问题。实验结果表明:该企业污水处理场的废水来源较多,丙烯腈生产废水经四效蒸发系统处理后的出水是其污染物的主要来源,含有相对较多的含氮共轭体系;与其他废水混合后,经氨化作用,有机腈转变为有机胺和铵盐;A/O工段矿化度较高,COD的去除率高达73.0%,但有机胺含量仍较高;在缺氧池—生物流化池—硝化池工段,COD进一步被去除,胺类物质浓度大幅降低,但总氮脱除效果并不理想。     

Removal of nitrogen from wastewaters by anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) using granules in upflow reactors

Nitrogen pollution of waters has sometimes caused severe eutrophication, leading to the death of fishes and most aquatic life. There is therefore a need for efficient and cost-effective methods to remove nitrogen from ammonium-rich wastewaters. Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) is a promising process to remove nitrogen because this process directly oxidizes ammonium (NH₄ ⁺) to dinitrogen gas (N₂) under anoxic condition. Nonetheless, a challenge of this process is that chemolithoautotrophic Anammox bacteria grow slowly at the beginning, thus resulting in low Anammox biomass and instability of reactors. Such issues can be overcome by granulation of the Anammox sludge. Here, we review the characteristics of the Anammox bacteria, and the formation, structure and flotation of Anammox granules under high hydraulic loadings. We also evaluate the performances of full-scale granular Anammox processes. The major points are: 1) Anammox bacteria secrete a large amount of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), up to 415 mg g^?1 of volatile suspended solids (VSS), containing many hydrophobic functional groups that facilitate biomass granulation. 2) Granulation enhances the sludge settling property and retention time, which contributes to the extremely high nitrogen removal rate of 77 kg m^?3 d^?1 of Anammox upflow reactors. 3) Flotation of Anammox granules frequently occurs under nitrogen removal rate higher than 10 kg m^?3 d^?1, which is mainly due to the overproduction of EPS under high hydraulic conditions.     

Effect of solution pH on aging dynamics and surface structural evolution of mZVI particles: H<Subscript>2</Subscript> production and spectroscopic/microscopic evidence

A microscale zero-valent iron (mZVI)-based in situ reactive zone is a promising technology for contaminated groundwater remediation. Estimation of mZVI aging behavior after its injection into the subsurface is essential for efficiency and longevity assessments. In this study, batch tests were conducted to investigate the effect of initial pH on mZVI aging dynamics, as well as the formation and evolution of aging products over 112 days. Results indicated that mZVI aging accelerated with decreasing initial pH. Corrosion rates of mZVI particles under pH 6.0 and 7.5 were approximately two orders of magnitude higher than those observed at pH 9.0. The morphological, structural, and compositional evolution of mZVI particles in three systems (pH = 6.0, 7.5, and 9.0) were investigated using scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. In acidic and neutral solutions, a thick passivation layer with loosely and unevenly distributed aging precipitates was observed, and Fe₃O₄ was the final aging precipitate. Nevertheless, in alkaline solutions, minute aging precipitates were detected on the mZVI surface at 112 day. Characterization results suggested that mZVI was oxidized via the Fe⁰–Fe(OH)₂–Fe₃O₄ route. These findings shed new light on mZVI aging mechanisms, particularly its physicochemical characteristics and the structural evolution of mZVI in field-scale groundwater remediation applications.     

两株氢噬胞菌的萘降解特性分析

对两株分离自内蒙古乌梁素海的氢噬胞菌X32和X12的培养条件和萘降解特性进行研究。实验结果表明:菌株X32和X12的最适生长pH为7.0,最适生长温度为30~35℃,最适盐度w(NaCl)为1%;当初始萘质量浓度为3 500 mg/L时,对数生长期的菌株X32对萘的降解活性可达53.9 nmol/(mg·min),而菌株X12可达34.8 nmol/(mg·min);菌株X32在培养48 h后进入稳定期,60 h时萘降解率达91.43%;菌株X12在培养60 h后进入稳定期,90 h时萘降解率达93.93%。氢噬胞菌X32和X12是两株具有较高应用价值的多环芳烃降解细菌。