航空维修差错模式及差错成因的灰色关联分析

提出一种基于HFACS-ME框架和灰色关联分析法的航空维修差错模式和差错成因之间关系的分析方法。利用该方法分别从"模式—成因"和"成因—模式"2个方向,以"技能差错"和"身体状态差"为例,对差错模式和差错成因之间的关系进行分析,得到影响"技能差错"的主要差错成因依次为空间狭窄、培训不足、工具损坏、身体状态差、精神状态差、空间阻碍,以及"身体状态差"主要影响的差错模式为记忆差错、决策差错、技能差错。结果表明,灰色关联分析法对航空维修差错模式和差错成因之间关系的分析是有效的、可行的。     

高效厌氧反应器处理啤酒废水的试验研究

在(35±1)℃条件下,采用高效厌氧反应器对青岛啤酒股份有限公司的生产废水进行处理,研究了厌氧反应器的启动和运行情况,分析了回流比、温度和上升流速等因素对反应器的影响.结果表明,厌氧反应器的容积负荷可达21 kg COD/(m3·d),COD去除率稳定在80%以上,出水挥发酸质量浓度低于350 mg/L,平均每去除1 kgCOD产生0.26 m3沼气.启动结束后,颗粒污泥的平均沉降速度由40.3 m/h提高到73.4 m/h,污泥密度由0.78 g/cm3升高至1.02 g/cm3,0.5～1.5 mm粒径的颗粒污泥占66%.同时,在25℃的运行条件下反应器的容积负荷降至9 kg COD/( m3·d),温度升高后反应器的运行可以较快得到恢复.     

Occurrence and behaviour of nonylphenol and octylphenol in Nanming River, Guiyang City, China

Occurrence, variation and behaviour of nonylphenol (NP) and octylphenol (OP) were studied in surface water and groundwater in Guiyang, Guizhou Province, southwestern China. Discharge of wastewater from Guiyang City was the main source of alkylphenols (APs) entering the aquatic environment. The concentrations of NP and OP in river water ranged from 40 to 1582 ng L(-1) and from below the lowest limit of detection (LOD) to 67 ng L(-1), respectively. NP and OP were also detected in groundwater. Both NP and OP exhibited spatial and temporal variations in river water and groundwater. It was found that concentrations of NP and OP in river water was low upstream and dramatically increased downstream, and higher concentration of NP was found in winter compared to that in summer. Proportions of NP and OP were trapped by suspended particulate matter (SPM), which accounted for 7.6-50.0% and 3.4-25.6% of their total concentration in the river water system, respectively. Seasonal changes in water flow were responsible for the temporal variations of APs. To determine the behaviour of APs along the river, a mass balance equation based on chloride was used. The results showed that a mixing process was the predominant factor to determine upstream APs concentrations; while the discharge of wastewater controlled the concentrations of APs downstream. Considering the adverse effect of APs on organisms, combined effect modeling was used to assess the toxicity to fish. It was found that the predicted mixture effect for APs in river water on fish vitellogenin induction was low upstream and medium downstream, respectively.     

《大气污染防治行动计划》实施的环境健康效果评估

为了定量评估《大气十条》实施带来的环境健康效益,本文首先依据PM_(2.5)浓度和人口数据,分析2013～2017年全国人口加权浓度的变化,其次利用Ben MAP模型对全国338个地级及以上城市2013年PM_(2.5)基准情景和2017年PM_(2.5)控制情景进行分析,定量分析全国31个省(市)及338个地级及以上城市减少过早死亡人数.结果表明,由于PM_(2.5)浓度大幅下降,2013～2017年全国PM_(2.5)人口加权浓度呈逐年下降趋势;北京、天津、河北等京津冀及周边地区减少过早死亡人数最多. 2017年全国280个城市避免过早死亡人数有所增加,58个城市避免过早死亡人数有所下降.以WHO过渡期第1阶段目标值(PM_(2.5)年均浓度为35μg·m-3)作为控制情景,估算2013年全国过早死亡人数约为101 293人,2017年约为41 080人,《大气十条》的实施大约避免60 213人过早死亡.依据支付意愿法调查结果,估算增加的健康效益约为549. 7亿元.     

景区动态承载力估算方法及其应用

景区承载力是旅游学研究的重要领域,由于现有景区承载力估算模型以景区由“均质的可游览空间”构成为假设前提,通过面积和游客单位游览面积进行景区承载力的估算,未涉及游客进入景区游览行为的动态性。由于游客不能瞬时填满整个景区,景区承载力具有时空特性,故建立景区动态承载力计算的概念模型,并构建以停留区、通道以及出入口等要素为空间实体的网络结构逻辑模型,从而提出基于网络结构的景区动态承载力估算方法,选取南京总统府景区作为实验区域,验证所提出的模型和算法。将地理信息科学应用于旅游管理,有利于确定景区承载力的具体量化水平,使景区管理分时管控措施得到有效发挥,进而促进旅游景区实现更高质量的经济社会效益。     

La-M-Co-O/堇青石催化剂的制备及催化氧化氯苯

采用柠檬酸络合法制备La-M-Co-O（M=Mn,Cr,Fe,Ni和Cu）/堇青石催化剂,运用BET,XRD,SEM,H₂-TPR和XPS技术对催化剂性能及微观结构进行表征分析,研究考察过渡金属掺杂,掺杂量以及焙烧温度等对催化剂催化氧化性能的影响.结果表明,随着催化剂焙烧温度升高至650℃时,催化剂表面所负载的活性氧化物颗粒最为分散,其氧化活性最佳,且当反应温度为350℃时,催化剂催化氧化氯苯转化率可达96.4%,究其原因是高温焙烧致使催化剂形成LaCoO₃钙钛矿型复合氧化物,其复合氧化物的晶体结构有利于催化剂催化氧化氯苯性能的提高.     

基于LCA的聚乳酸快递包装环境友好性评价

以聚乳酸快递包装为研究对象,运用生命周期评价（LCA）方法对聚乳酸快递包装的原料获取、加工、使用及5种处置情景的环境影响进行比较,并采用累积能源需求（CED）方法对能源消耗情况进行分析.功能单位（1000个规模为25×35cm的聚乳酸快递袋,918kg）快递袋原材料获取、加工及使用阶段的环境影响潜能值分别为1.09×10^-9、5.64×10^-10、1.24×10^-10.海洋水生态毒性是聚乳酸快递袋环境影响的主要类型,占77%;非生物资源耗竭潜能值、人类毒性次之,分别占9%和6%.能源消耗主要类型为不可再生能源,占总能源消耗的89%,其中,快递袋使用阶段为主要贡献阶段,占比为91%.处理阶段5种处置情景中情景Ⅴ（焚烧47%,填埋13%,回收40%）对环境最为友好,通过增加焚烧和回收处置的比例,减少填埋比例对环境有着更为积极的影响.     

海拉尔盆地地下水铀的分布特征及富集规律

通过采集海拉尔盆地地表水样品12件,地下水样品67件,运用Durov图、等值线图和铀形态计算理论,结合数理统计方法,分析研究区域地下水铀的分布特征和赋存形态,结果表明:海拉尔盆地赫尔洪德凹陷地区主要为HCO₃-Ca·Na型,蹉岗隆起、乌尔逊凹陷和贝尔凹陷地区主要为Cl-Na型和HCO₃-Na型,巴彦山隆起地区主要为HCO₃-Na型,红旗牧场和新宝力格凹陷主要为Cl-Na型.研究区域铀的分布范围为17~425μg/L,平均值为80μg/L,标准偏差为70μg/L,引发了区域地源性地下水铀污染问题.地下水中以UO₂(CO₃)₃^4-和UO₂(CO₃)₂^2-的主要形式存在,与Eh表现的氧化还原环境具有一致性,其中呼伦贝尔湖东南部属于地下水铀成矿有利区域.潜在铀成矿范围属于重碳酸铀酰占优势的HCO₃型含铀地下水,铀酰碳酸盐复合物应占主导地位,铀的溶解与HCO₃^-的增加有关,地下水中的铀存在参与碳酸盐岩和硫酸盐岩的混合溶滤作用的可能性,UO₂(CO₃)₃^4-、UO₂(CO₃)₂^2-、U₄O₉和沥青铀矿等处于饱和状态,总Fe和(Ca²⁺+Mg²⁺)浓度较低,各种水化学指标对铀富集具有指示意义,因此可将其视为潜在铀源的参考依据.     

兼氧条件下厨余垃圾发酵液作碳源的反硝化性能

在兼氧条件下,利用厨余垃圾厌氧发酵液调节反硝化系统的碳氮比（COD/TN,C/N）,并考察了其脱氮性能.结果表明,不同C/N条件下,反应系统均未出现有机物的积累,但高C/N条件下的亚硝酸盐最大积累浓度和积累速率高于低C/N;随着进水C/N的增大,反应整体脱氮率和反硝化速率不断增大,当C/N为13时,反硝化速率达到了最大值,为9.79mg/（gVSS·h）,其脱氮率超过95%;相同C/N条件下,反硝化速率和最大亚硝酸盐积累浓度均与进水硝酸盐浓度成正比.此外,实验结果表明,兼氧条件下的反硝化过程虽不易出现COD残留,但去除单位氮所需的有机物更多,且整体反硝化速率以及亚硝酸盐还原速率均低于厌氧条件.     

Distribution and source of microplastics in China's second largest reservoir - Danjiangkou Reservoir

Fresh water microplastic pollution is of pressing concern globally, but its distribution and sources in reservoirs are poorly documented. Danjiangkou Reservoir is the second largest reservoir in China and is divided into the Han Reservoir and Dan Reservoir. In this work, microplastic abundances and morphological characteristics of the reservoir were investigated. The microplastic abundance of 15 main tributaries of the reservoir was also measured. The vertical distribution (in water column and sediment), horizontal distribution (in Han Reservoir and Dan Reservoir) and source of microplastics were analyzed. Microplastics accumulated in the middle layer of the reservoir, and the size and color of the microplastic particles changed from the surface to the bottom, which implies that surveys of surface water are not enough to determine the microplastic contamination for deep water reservoirs. In the surface water, the microplastic abundance in the Han Reservoir was lower than that in the Dan Reservoir (p < 0.05), but microplastic abundance did not differ significantly in the intermediate and bottom water. Tributaries were one of the main sources of microplastics for Han Reservoir but not for Dan Reservoir. Agricultural cultivation in the hydro-fluctuation belt might be an important source of microplastics in the Dan Reservoir, which should be given additional attention. The results of this study can provide valuable information for developing microplastic sampling strategies in deep water reservoirs. Further studies are recommended to investigate the process through which microplastics in the hydro-fluctuation belt enter the reservoir and the sinking behavior of microplastics in the reservoir.