Enhanced bio-decolorization of 1-amino-4-bromoanthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid by Sphingomonas xenophaga with nutrient amendment

Bacterial decolorization of anthraquinone dye intermediates is a slow process under aerobic conditions. To speed up the process, in the present study, effects of various nutrients on 1-amino-4-bromoanthraquinone-2-sulfonic acid (ABAS) decolorization by Sphingomonas xenophaga QYY were investigated. The results showed that peptone, yeast extract and casamino acid amendments promoted ABAS bio-decolorization. In particular, the addition of peptone and casamino acids could improve the decolorization activity of strain QYY. Further experiments showed that L-proline had a more significant accelerating effect on ABAS decolorization compared with other amino acids. L-Proline not only supported cell growth, but also significantly increased the decolorization activity of strain QYY. Membrane proteins of strain QYY exhibited ABAS decolorization activities in the presence of L-proline or reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, while this behavior was not observed in the presence of other amino acids. Moreover, the positive correlation between L-proline concentration and the decolorization activity of membrane proteins was observed, indicating that L-proline plays an important role in ABAS decolorization. The above findings provide us not only a novel insight into bacterial ABAS decolorization, but also an L-proline-supplemented bioaugmentation strategy for enhancing ABAS bio-decolorization.     

Phosphorus recovery from biogas fermentation liquid by Ca–Mg loaded biochar

Shortage in phosphorus (P) resources and P wastewater pollution is considered as a serious problem worldwide. The application of modified biochar for P recovery from wastewater and reuse of recovered P as agricultural fertilizer is a preferred process. This work aims to develop a calcium and magnesium loaded biochar (Ca–Mg/biochar) application for P recovery from biogas fermentation liquid. The physico-chemical characterization, adsorption efficiency, adsorption selectivity, and postsorption availability of Ca-Mg/biochar were investigated. The synthesized Ca–Mg/biochar was rich in organic functional groups and in CaO and MgO nanoparticles. With the increase in synthesis temperature, the yield decreased, C content increased, H content decreased, N content remained the same basically, and BET surface area increased. The P adsorption of Ca–Mg/biochar could be accelerated by nano-CaO and nano-MgO particles and reached equilibrium after 360 min. The process was endothermic, spontaneous, and showed an increase in the disorder of the solid–liquid interface. Moreover, it could be fitted by the Freundlich model. The maximum P adsorption amounts were 294.22, 315.33, and 326.63 mg/g. The P adsorption selectivity of Ca–Mg/biochar could not be significantly influenced by the typical pH level of biogas fermentation liquid. The nano-CaO and nano-MgO particles of Ca–Mg/biochar could reduce the negative interaction effects of coexisting ions. The P releasing amounts of postsorption Ca–Mg/biochar were in the order of Ca–Mg/B600 > Ca–Mg/B450 > Ca–Mg/B300. Results revealed that postsorption Ca–Mg/biochar can continually release P and is more suitable for an acid environment.     

Microcystis aeruginosa/Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes interaction effects on off-flavors in algae/bacteria co-culture system under different temperatures

We conducted an experiment to study the interaction effects of Microcystis aeruginosa and Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes on off-flavors in an algae/bacteria co-culture system at three temperatures (24, 28 and 32°C). Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was applied to measure off-flavor compounds dimethyl sulfide (DMS), dimethyl trisulfide (DMTS), 2-methylisoborneol, geosmin (GEO) and β-cyclocitral. During the lag phase of co-cultured M. aeruginosa (first 15 days), P. pseudoalcaligenes significantly increased the production of DMS, DMTS and β-cyclocitral at all three temperatures. In the exponential phase of co-cultured M. aeruginosa (after 15 days), M. aeruginosa became the main factor on off-flavors in the co-culture system, and β-cyclocitral turned to the highest off-flavor compound. These results also indicated that DMS, DMTS and β-cyclocitral were the main off-flavor compounds in our M. aeruginosa/P. pseudoalcaligenes co-culture system. Univariate analysis was applied to investigate the effects of M. aeruginosa and P. pseudoalcaligenes on the production of off-flavors. The results demonstrated that both M. aeruginosa and P. pseudoalcaligenes could increase the production of DMS and DMTS, while β-cyclocitral was mainly determined by M. aeruginosa. Our results also provide some insights into understanding the relationship between cyanobacteria and heterotrophic bacteria.     

基于模糊物元模型的西苕溪流域生态系统健康评价

本文借助RS/GIS技术,结合遥感影像数据、环境监测数据和社会经济数据,运用模糊物元模型,从水域、水陆交错带和陆域子系统选取21项评价指标,建立了流域生态系统健康综合评价指标体系,对西苕溪流域生态系统健康状况的空间分布规律和限制性因子进行了探讨.研究结果表明,西苕溪流域生态系统健康整体呈现出优良状态,其中,生态系统健康优秀地区面积占68.2%,良好地区面积占31.8%,能够正常发挥流域服务功能,维持生态系统可持续发展.西苕溪流域生态系统健康在空间分布上呈现出上游好、下游差的局面.在各子系统健康评价中,水域生态系统优于陆域生态系统,水陆交错带生态系统最差.底栖动物完整性遭受破坏、湿地退化、人为干扰活动、水源涵养功能减弱、点源和面源污染负荷较重是限制西苕溪流域部分评价单元生态系统健康的重要因素.     

长期施肥下浙江稻田不同颗粒组分有机碳的稳定特征

依托浙江水网地区稻田长期定位施肥试验(1996~2013年),利用固态13C核磁共振波谱技术,研究长期不同施肥措施下土壤各颗粒组分有机碳含量及其化学结构特征.结果表明,与不施肥对照(CK)相比,秸秆与化肥配施(NPKRS)、栏肥与化肥配施(NPKOM)、单施化肥(NPK)和单施栏肥(OM)处理均显著(P0.05)增加了砂粒(2~0.02 mm)、粉粒(0.02~0.002mm)和黏粒(0.002 mm)组分中有机碳含量;而单施秸秆(RS)处理仅显著增加砂粒组分有机碳含量.此外,与单施化肥处理相比,有机肥和化肥配施促进了新增有机碳在粉粒和黏粒组分的分配,更有利于新增有机碳的稳定.应用13C-NMR波谱技术进行结构表征,结果表明粉粒和黏粒组分有机碳的化学结构存在明显差异,粉粒组分烷氧碳、芳香碳的相对含量高于黏粒,而烷基碳、羰基碳的相对含量低于黏粒.长期有机肥与化肥配施下粉粒和黏粒烷基碳相对含量较单施有机肥处理分别降低9.1%~11.9%和13.7%~19.9%,烷氧碳的相对含量则分别增加2.9%~6.3%和13.4%~22.1%,表明有机肥与化肥配施处理降低了粉粒和黏粒组分有机碳的分解程度.长期单施化肥处理下粉粒和黏粒组分有机质的芳化度和疏水性低于单施有机肥处理和不施肥处理,有机质的矿化稳定性较低.长期有机肥与化肥配施,尤其是NPKOM处理,通过增加化学抗性化合物和碳水化合物的积累,并且减缓活性组分的分解提高粉粒和黏粒组分有机碳含量,是促进稻田土壤有机碳可持续积累的有效措施.     

河南鸡冠洞洞穴水对极端气候的响应及其控制因素研究

为揭示洞穴水地球化学动态的变化特征及其控制因素,从2009年10月至2013年12月对黄土高原东南缘河南西部栾川县鸡冠洞洞穴水的水化学指标进行了4个完整水文年的动态监测.结果表明:1鸡冠洞洞穴水的化学类型主要是HCO-3-Ca2+-Mg2+和HCO-3-Mg2+-Ca2+型,阴离子中HCO-3占80%以上,阳离子中Ca2+、Mg2+是优势离子,地下河常年处于溶蚀状态,池水、滴水处于沉积状态.2鸡冠洞洞穴滴水、池水可以很好地响应外部气候环境的变化,其地球化学指标具有显著的季节效应.3Ca2+、Mg2+、SO2-4能够敏感地响应极端气候事件引起的年际降水量变化,Ca2+、Mg2+、SO2-4浓度洪涝年升高,干旱年降低.HCO-3主要受CO2浓度控制,对极端气候事件响应不明显.4鸡冠洞地下河中Ca2+、Mg2+、HCO-3、SO2-4浓度波动幅度较小,且无明显的季节变化规律.对2010年和2013年的极端降水事件响应不明显.     

2006~2010年珠三角地区SO2特征分析

对广州番禺大气成分站2006~2010年期间的SO2资料进行了分析,讨论了珠江三角洲(珠三角)地区地面SO2体积分数的年、季节、月、日变化特征和概率的分布特征.珠三角地区地面SO2变化特征的分析结果表明,2010年地面SO2体积分数的总体水平相对近年来有一定下降,高浓度事件发生频率降低;冬、春季SO2各项统计值要高于夏、秋季,干季明显高于湿季,可能与大气边界层高度和太阳辐射等因素的季节性变化相关;SO2干湿季的日变化趋势相仿,日最高峰时间相同,只是湿季达次高峰和最低点的时间比干季要提前1 h,这可能与季节性的大气边界层高度和辐射强度变化,以及日照时间长度有关;SO2体积分数的概率分布特征比较复杂,各月谱型分布各有不同,可能与季节性因素的变化规律相关.     

乙酸钠为电子供体时反硝化耦合甲烷化过程的数学模拟

基于化学计量学与生物力能学确定生化反应的理论反应式,结合multiplicative Monod及non-competitive Monod方程,建立了反硝化耦合甲烷化的数学模型。以乙酸钠为电子供体,厌氧颗粒污泥为接种污泥,通过间歇实验获取模型的相关参数。结果表明:该模型能较好地分析反硝化耦合甲烷化过程底物降解、竞争规律及反硝化中间产物对甲烷化的抑制作用;预测气体的累积产气量及各菌群生物量变化。参数灵敏度分析表明:甲烷化、硝酸盐还原和亚硝酸盐过程的灵敏度因子分别为km,a、km,NO3和km,NO2,这证实最大比底物利用速率对底物降解过程影响最显著,其值分别为km,a=0.098 h-1,km,NO3=0.0824 h-1和km,NO2=0.0695 h-1。     

上海市一次重雾霾过程的天气特征及成因分析

2013年11月30日至12月9日上海地区出现入冬以来一次最严重的持续性雾霾天气过程,严重影响了该地区人们的生活健康.本文借助空气质量数据、地面气象要素、卫星遥感数据并结合后向轨迹模式反映了此次重污染过程的污染特征及其成因.结果表明,污染期间,PM2.5与PM10小时浓度变化趋势基本一致,高浓度值出现在早晚8时左右,主要是由该时段的逆温现象造成的;来自西北方向污染物的远距离输送影响了本地空气质量状况,气团在不同高度层做下沉运动,造成大气层结稳定;该地区在西北方向的弱高压控制下,地面风速较小,能见度低,天气条件静稳,不利于污染物扩散,造成持续性重污染事件;卫星遥感数据显示此次污染为区域性污染.     

铬污染土壤的导电性、频谱激电性和介电特性的实验结果

研究了铬污染土壤的导电性、激电性和介电性,给出了在不同含水率、不同浓度铬盐污染物的情况下,铬污染土壤样品的电阻率、复电阻率和复介电常数与污染物浓度及含水率变化关系的一些实验观测结果.土样中的观测结果表明,所有污染样品的电阻率、复电阻率幅值均随污染浓度和含水率的增加而减小;但对反映土壤样品容性的复电阻率相位参数而言,则有...