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141.
H Yamashita R Haribowo M Sekine N Oda A Kanno Y Shimono W Shitao T Higuchi T Imai K Yamamoto 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,19(7):2581-2594
The aim of the present study was to show a relationship between toxicity of 100-fold concentrated water and aquatic habitat conditions. Environmental waters are 100-fold concentrated with solid-phase extraction. Medaka early fry was exposed in these waters for 48 h. The number of death and disorder was counted at 1, 2, 3, 6, 12, 24, and 48 h; toxicity was expressed using inverse median effect time and median lethal time (ET (50)(-1), LT (50)(-1)). Average score per taxon (ASPT) for benthic animals and Index of Biotic Integrity (IBI) for fish were applied as indices of aquatic habitat conditions. The results of toxicity test were compared using ASPT and IBI. The different levels of toxicity were detected in the seawater of Japan. At the Husino River area, toxicity cannot be detected. In rivers, high toxicity appeared at urban districts without sewerage. By Spearman coefficient, the relationship between toxicity and high biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) were obtained. BOD household wastewater contains hydrophobic toxic matters; otherwise, seawater in industrial area does not show clear relationship between toxicity and chemical oxygen demand. Gas chromatography to mass spectrometry simultaneous analysis database may give an answer for the source of toxicity, but further test is required. Ratio of clear stream benthic animal sharply decreased over 0.25 of LT (50)(-1) or 0.5 of ET (50)(-1). Tolerant fish becomes dominant over 0.3 of LT (50)(-1) or 0.5-1.0 of ET (50)(-1). By Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, correlation coefficient between toxicity and ASPT was obtained at -0.773 (ET (50)(-1)) and -0.742 (LT (50)(-1)) at 1 % level of significance with a high negative correlation. Toxicity (LT (50)(-1) ) has strong correlation with the ratio of tolerant species. By Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, correlation coefficient between toxicity and IBI obtained were -0.155 (ET (50)(-1)) and -0.190 (LT (50)(-1)) at 1 % level of significance and has a low or no correlation between toxicity and IBI. Even with low toxic environmental waters, toxicity test using 100-fold concentrated and medaka early fly could detect acute toxicity. The detected toxicity seemed to limit the inhabiting aquatic species in the water body. 相似文献
142.
S Uno A Shintoyo E Kokushi M Yamamoto K Nakayama J Koyama 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2011,19(7):2595-2605
Purpose
We evaluate malathion toxicity to Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes) juveniles by using a mass spectrometry combined with gas chromatography (GC/MS) metabolomics approach.Methods
Medaka were exposed to low (L) and high (H) concentrations (nominally 20 and 2,000 ??g/L, respectively) of water-borne malathion. Metabolites were extracted from the fish, derivatized, and analyzed by GC/MS. Identified metabolites were subjected to one-way analysis of variance and principal component analysis (PCA). We examined the variations in the amounts of the metabolites during the exposure period.Results and discussion
At 24 h, control, L, and H groups were separated along PC1, suggesting that the effects of malathion depended on exposure concentration. The PCA results at 96 h suggest that the metabolite profiles variations of the L and H groups differed, and thus that the effects of malathion in groups differed. At 24 h, the amounts of amino acids in both exposed groups were lower than the control group amounts, perhaps owing to accelerated protein synthesis. At 96 h, the amounts of almost all the amino acids increased in the L group but decreased in the H group relative to the control group amounts, suggesting the proteolysis occurred in the L group while protein synthesis continued in the H group, that the high malathion exposure affected the fish. In addition, at 96 h, gluconeogenesis may have been induced in the L group but not in H group.Conclusions
Malathion exposure may have altered the balance between protein synthesis and degradation and induced gluconeogenesis in medaka. Our results suggest that metabolomics will be useful for comprehensive evaluation of toxicity. 相似文献143.
Comparison of sludge characteristics and PCR-DGGE based microbial diversity of nanofiltration and microfiltration membrane bioreactors 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The objective of this study was to compare the sludge characteristics and microbial community diversity between the submerged nanofiltration membrane bioreactor (NF MBR) and microfiltration membrane bioreactor (MF MBR) treating the same municipal wastewater. The influence of a higher concentration of organic matter and salt was investigated. The results of water qualities showed that the dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total phosphorus (T-P) and salt concentrations of the supernatant in the NF MBR were three, four and two times as high as those in the MF MBR, respectively. The specific oxygen uptake rate of the NF MBR (2.9+/-0.4 mg O(2)g(-1)MLSSh(-1)) was lower than that of the MF MBR (4.3+/-1.1 mg O(2)g(-1)MLSS h(-1)). Result of extractable extracellular polymeric substances showed that the NF MBR sludge had more protein and less polysaccharide compared to the MF MBR sludge, whereas specific amount of total organic carbon were the same in both MBRs. The median floc diameters of the NF MBR and the MF MBR were 72+/-12 microm and 59+/-12 microm, respectively, which could be attributable to the different polysaccharide concentrations between both MBR mixed liquor. A higher concentration of materials (DOC, T-P and salt) in the bioreactor, determined by the high rejection rate of the NF membrane, did not significantly affect the microbial diversity under similar operation conditions. 相似文献
144.
Kousaku Ohkawa Masanori Yamada Ayako Nishida Norio Nishi Hiroyuki Yamamoto 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2000,8(2):59-66
The degradation of two kinds of polyion complex (PIC) fibers, chitosan-gellan (CGF), and poly(L-lysine)-gellan (LGF) fibers, by seven species of soil filamentous fungi has been investigated. All of the pure-line soil filamentous fungi, Aspergillus oryzae, Penicillium caseicolum, P. citrinum, Mucor sp., Rhizopus sp., Curvularia sp., and Cladosporium sp. grew on the two fiber materials. Microscopic observation of the biodegradation processes revealed that P. caseicolum on the CGF and LGF grew, along with the accompanying collapse of the fiber matrices. In the biochemical oxygen-demand (BOD) test, the biodegradation of the LGF by P. caseicolum and Curvularia sp. exceeded 97% carbon dioxide generation and the biodegradation of the CGF by A. oryzae was 59%. These results might offer some clues to the applications of the PIC fibers as environmentally biodegradable materials. 相似文献
145.
The distribution and abundance of Japanese common squid [Todarodes pacificus (Steenstrup, 1880)] paralarvae off southern Kyushu Island near the Kuroshio were examined in relation to water types in the
region. Surveys were conducted in 1996 and 1997 using paired, 70 cm diameter Bongo nets. Temperature–salinity plots from 0,
50 and 100 m depths were used to assign sampling stations to three water types: inshore, mixing and Kuroshio. In total, 4103
T. pacificus paralarvae were collected at 59 of 72 stations. Catch densities at positive stations ranged between 8 and 4282 ind./50 m2 sea surface area. Catches during both years were highest in mixing waters, followed by inshore and Kuroshio waters. Total
catches were highest just north of the oceanographic front at the inshore edge of the Kuroshio and declined with increasing
distance away from the front. Catches of paralarvae ≤1.0 mm mantle length also peaked near the front. In both years, ≥85%
of all paralarvae and ≥69% of those ≤1.0 mm mantle length occurred less than 25 km from the front. We conclude that most spawning
off southwest Kyushu occurs near the frontal zone, where Kuroshio and inshore waters meet.
Received: 18 November 1998 / Accepted: 11 May 1999 相似文献
146.
Akio Kamimura Eisuke Konno Shigehiro Yamamoto Takeru Watanabe Kazuo Yamada Fumiaki Tomonaga 《Journal of Material Cycles and Waste Management》2009,11(1):38-41
To develop a new method for the chemical recycling of plastics, we examined the formation of recycled polymers from the recovered
monomeric materials of solubilized waste fiber-reinforced plastics (FRP) under supercritical alcoholic conditions. Treatment
of waste FRP with supercritical MeOH resulted in the formation of monomeric organic compounds that mainly contained dimethyl
phthalate (DMP) and propylene glycol. The presence of these materials was confirmed by gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic
resonance analyses and they were mixed with new DMP and glycols in various ratios to form unsaturated polyesters. The polymerization
progressed successfully for all mixing ratios of the recovered and new DMP. Hardness tests on these recycled polymers indicated
that the polymer made from a 1:1 mixture of recovered and new dimethyl phthalate had almost the same level of hardness as
the polymers made from new materials. We also examined the formation of recycled FRP by using glass fibers and monomeric materials
recovered through the present depolymerization method.
Chemical Feedstock Recycling & Other Innovative Recycling Techniques 6 相似文献
147.
Toshiharu Sugiyama Keisuke Nansai Susumu Tohno Kouhei Yamamoto 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(4):759-768
To elucidate the macro-structure of the PM2.5 emissions generated by Japan's economic activities, this paper presents an emission inventory of primary particles of PM2.5 with high sectoral resolution based on the Japanese Input–Output Tables, comprising some 400 sectors. These primary PM2.5 emissions were estimated by multiplying the estimated energy consumption associated with each fuel type by a PM10 emission factor incorporating the technological level of dust collection in each sector and the mass ratio of PM2.5 to PM10. Non-energy emissions from agricultural open burning were also determined. Total PM2.5 emissions in 2000 were 252 kt, 49% of which were due to mobile emission sources. Changes in total PM2.5 emissions between 1990 and 2000 were also calculated. This showed that a substantial increase in energy sector emissions due to rising coal consumption was offset by a sharp decline in emissions from road vehicles and shipping vessels, resulting in an overall decrease in total emissions. In addition, the emissions induced by economic demand in each sector were quantified by means of input–output analysis, which revealed that demand for construction, foods and communications and services constituted the principal causes of real domestic emissions. An assessment of sectoral contributions to PM2.5 emissions that takes into account the effects of human exposure, expressed as external costs, suggests that the contribution of transportation is greater than indicated on the grounds of direct emissions alone. 相似文献
148.
Aihua Zhang Toshiaki Yamamoto 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2013,63(12):1442-1448
ABSTRACT Nonthermal plasma chemical decomposition of bromomethane (CH3Br) was investigated with a coaxial type packed-bed plasma reactor. It has been demonstrated that plasma chemical processing is an effective approach to decompose CH3Br in a wide concentration range. It has been shown that CH3Br decomposition reactivity depends on reactor operating factors such as background gas, O2 concentration, and humidification. Higher decomposition efficiencies can be obtained in dry N2. However, organic byproducts such as BrCN are concurrently produced under deaerated conditions. Water suppresses CH3Br decomposition and also affects the yields of COx (CO and CO2) and organic byproducts due to the involvement of some active species generated from water. The presence of O2 retards CH3Br decomposition by quenching high-energy electrons, while it suppresses organic byproducts and improves COx yield. The reacted carbons in CH3Br are recovered as COx almost quantitatively in air. Higher CO2 selectivities cannot be achieved by increasing O2 concentration. NOx formation, which is accompanied by CH3Br decomposition, can be effectively suppressed by decreasing O2 concentration down to 2%. Furthermore, reaction mechanisms are discussed by comparing the reactivities of CH3Br and its congeners. 相似文献
149.
Dayana Moscardi dos Santos Gustavo Souza Santos Marta Margarete Cestari Ciro Alberto de Oliveira Ribeiro Helena Cristina Silva de Assis Flavia Yamamoto Izonete Cristina Guiloski Mary Rosa Rodrigues de Marchi Rosalinda Carmela Montone 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(4):3166-3174
The toxicity of butyltin compounds (BTs), mainly tributyltin (TBT), has been reported in different organisms. However, such an analysis in fish after field exposure with reference to the related biomarkers has not been commonly observed in the literature. This study presents the uptake of BTs in the liver of a neotropical marine catfish Cathorops spixii in Paranagua Bay, an important estuarine system located in southern Brazil. Two different areas, close to and distant from the harbor, were used for chemical analysis evaluation of hepatotoxicity through genetic, enzymatic, and histopathological biomarkers. The presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in bile was also considered as a biomarker. The results showed a significant relationship between TBT levels and the inhibition of biotransformation enzymes and high occurrence of melanomacrophages in fish collected close to the harbor site. These effects were linked to the absence of TBT metabolites in the liver. In the second site, the presence of DBT was associated with an increase in EROD and GST activity. The larger amount of DNA damage as well as the highest oxidative stress was noted in fish from the less TBT-polluted area, where DBT and bile PAHs occurred. These findings showed different impact levels due to or increased by the chronic exposure of biota to BTs. 相似文献
150.
Miwa Setoyama Takeshi Kato Kazuya Yamamoto Jun-ichi Kadokawa 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2013,21(3):795-801
This paper reports the preparation of chitin/cellulose films compatibilized with polymeric ionic liquids. In-situ (co)polymerization of polymerizable ionic liquids, 1-(3-methacryloyloxypropyl)-3-vinylimidazolium bromide (1) and 1-methyl-3-vinylbenzylimidazolium chloride (3), was carried out in the presence of a radical initiator, AIBN, in the chitin/cellulose solution with ionic liquid solvents (1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium acetate and chloride, BMIMOAc and BMIMCl, respectively), followed by the appropriate procedure to give the desired films. The presence of the polymeric ionic liquid in the film was confirmed by the IR measurement. The powder X-ray diffraction analysis suggested that crystalline structures of the polysaccharides were largely disrupted in the film, as same as that of a chitin/cellulose film prepared by the AMIMOAc/BMIMCl system. These results were different from the XRD result of a chitin/cellulose film prepared by the 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium bromide/BMIMCl system reported in our previous study, in which some crystalline structures were still remained in the film. Furthermore, the mechanical properties of the present films were evaluated by tensile testing, which were affected by the molar ratios of the polymeric ionic liquids to the polysaccharides and the compositional ratios of the two units 1 and 3. 相似文献