啤酒生产环境绩效评价模型研究

啤酒生产过程复杂,评价指标较为繁琐,很多啤酒企业在进行环境绩效考核时往往只能从定性的角度去评价,很大程度上不是很客观。本文针对啤酒生产过程,选取了资源消耗、＂三废＂排放、健康影响3个一级指标和耗粮、耗水等10个二级指标,建立了一套较为简单可行的环境绩效评价体系,构建了基于AHP法的模糊综合评判模型,并对其进行了案例分析。实证研究表明,该模型评价结果能较为客观的反映啤酒生产的环境绩效表现。该模型简洁易行,为企业进行绩效考核和清洁生产定量评价提供了一种方法。     

人工土壤渗滤对颗粒COD的吸附及堵塞

生活污水中颗粒COD占到总COD的30%~60%,砂滤试验证实,非生物参与的单纯过滤仅能去除总COD的20%~35%。人工土壤渗滤对颗粒COD的吸附是通过系统介质表层的快速接触-吸附完成的,通常80%以上吸附量集中在表层20 cm之内。对颗粒COD的吸附是人工土壤渗滤系统堵塞的主要原因,微生物增长量占到系统孔隙率的3.7%~5.3%。通过对系统入渗及恢复试验,得到系统干湿交替运行的合适配搭,对人工土壤渗滤防堵塞和长期稳定运行提供了有益探索。     

添加剩余活性污泥无害化处理含油钻屑

采用剩余活性污泥对废弃含油钻屑进行无害化处理。考察了加入剩余活性污泥后混合物料中微生物浓度、碱解氮含量、有效磷含量、总石油烃(TPH)含量和组分的变化,并对降解后混合物料的生物毒性进行了评价。实验结果表明:加入剩余活性污泥后,总细菌浓度保持在较高水平;碱解氮含量逐渐减少后保持稳定,有效磷含量在一定范围内波动,整体略有增加;剩余活性污泥的加入量为20%～60%(w)时, TPH去除率均达到74%以上,远高于未添加剩余活性污泥的对照组(28.8%);剩余活性污泥的添加能有效促进微生物对含油钻屑中TPH的降解及氮元素的转化,添加50%(w)以上的剩余活性污泥能使处理后含油钻屑的生物毒性更低,更有利于含油钻屑的无害化处理。     

Sorption of chlorimuron-ethyl on montmorillonite clays: effects of exchangeable cations,pH, and ionic strength

Sorption interaction of chlorimuron-ethyl with montmorillonite clays was investigated under varied types of exchangeable cation, pH, and ionic strength conditions. Chlorimuron-ethyl sorption on bentonites exhibited pronounced cation dependency, and the sorption ability increased as the sequence Ca²⁺- < Na⁺- < Al³⁺- < Fe³⁺-bentonite, due to different sorption mechanisms, whereas the cation dependency was influenced by the clay type and much weaker for montmorillonites. The decrease of pH at the range of 4.0–6.0 prominently increased sorption of chlorimuron-ethyl on all cation-exchanged montmorillonite clays, and nearly a neglected sorption (about 2 %) can be observed at pH over 7.0. In the presence of CaCl₂, sorption of chlorimuron-ethyl on Fe³⁺-bentonite was promoted because of complexion of Ca²⁺ and the surface of Fe³⁺-bentonite. However, as the concentration of CaCl₂ increased, chlorimuron-ethyl sorption on Ca²⁺- and Fe³⁺-exchanged bentonite decreased, suggesting that Ca bridging was not the prevailing mechanism for sorption of chlorimuron-ethyl on these clays. Furthermore, chlorimuron-ethyl sorption was relatively sensitive to pH, and the change of pH may obscure effect of other factors on the sorption, so it was quite necessary to control pH at a constant value when the effect of other factor was being studied.     

铁氧化物多孔陶粒生物滴滤塔净化硫化氢气体

采用装有凹凸棒石基铁氧化物多孔陶粒作为填料的生物滴滤塔,进行了长期实验室H2S脱臭实验。结果表明,该生物滴滤塔H2S的进气浓度低于500 mg/m3时,循环营养液喷淋量高于1.5 L/h,气体最佳停留时间为54.9 s,去除率在95%以上。代谢产物以SO2-4为主,转化速率在52.42 g/(m3·d)左右。该滴滤塔系统可稳定而有效运行。生物相观察表明,滴滤塔填料表面附着大量微生物,铁氧化物陶粒具有化学和生物惰性,有利于微生物的附着。     

Remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and metal-contaminated soil by successive methyl-β-cyclodextrin-enhanced soil washing–microbial augmentation: a laboratory evaluation

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and metal-polluted sites caused by abandoned coking plants are receiving wide attention. To address the associated environmental concerns, innovative remediation technologies are urgently needed. This study was initiated to investigate the feasibility of a cleanup strategy that employed an initial phase, using methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MCD) solution to enhance ex situ soil washing for extracting PAHs and metals simultaneously, followed by the addition of PAH-degrading bacteria (Paracoccus sp. strain HPD-2) and supplemental nutrients to treat the residual soil-bound PAHs. Elevated temperature (50 °C) in combination with ultrasonication (35 kHz, 30 min) at 100 g MCD L^?1 was effective in extracting PAHs and metals to assist soil washing; 93 % of total PAHs, 72 % of Cd, 78 % of Ni, 93 % of Zn, 84 % of Cr, and 68 % of Pb were removed from soil after three successive washing cycles. Treating the residual soil-bound PAHs for 20 weeks led to maximum biodegradation rates of 34, 45, 36, and 32 % of the remaining total PAHs, 3-ring PAHs, 4-ring PAHs, and 5(+6)-ring PAHs after washing procedure, respectively. Based on BIOLOG Ecoplate assay, the combined treatment at least partially restored microbiological functions in the contaminated soil. The ex situ cleanup strategy through MCD-enhanced soil washing followed by microbial augmentation can be effective in remediating PAH and metal-contaminated soil.     

改性膨润土对垃圾填埋场渗滤液吸附效果

通过制备不同组分改性膨润土,研究其对苯酚的吸附效果,结果表明,十六烷基三甲基溴化铵+十二烷基磺酸钠+硫酸铝-改性膨润土>十六烷基三甲基溴化铵+十二烷基磺酸钠-改性膨润土>十六烷基三甲基溴化铵-改性膨润土。通过改性膨润土对实际复杂组分渗滤液的吸附研究,结果表明,使用活性炭改性的膨润土吸附COD和NH4+-N最为理想,单位质量COD吸附量最高为26.8 mg/g,NH4+-N最高为3.92 mg/g,其中,COD最高去除率为77.3%,氨氮为28.9%;十六烷基三甲基溴化铵+十二烷基磺酸钠+硫酸铝-改性膨润土对COD和NH4+-N均有去除效果,两者对于渗滤液实际处理工程具有应用价值。     

不同态二氧化钛处理模拟印染废水的研究

以普通载玻片为基底材料,负载态和悬浮态的纳米二氧化钛/普通二氧化钛被用于处理甲基红模拟印染废水,实验结果表明:纳米二氧化钛的脱色效果明显优于普通的二氧化钛,适当增加负载量和处理时间,负载态的处理效果与悬浮态相当。首次提出了由光源决定的纳米光催化活性激发理论,解释了不同光源辐照时脱色率变化曲线差异的问题,并发现纳米TiO2光催化氧化模拟印染废水的脱色反应,主要由吸附过程控制的表面反应机理;150 mL模拟印染废水中,加入3块纳米TiO2负载量1 mg/cm2的普通载玻片,3~5 mL ClO2或H2O2,紫外光照60 min后,脱色率达到99.2%。     

连续培养酱油曲霉(Aspergillus sojae)产微生物絮凝剂的研究

为了利用廉价材料规模化生产微生物絮凝剂,以味精废水作为廉价培养基质,对酱油曲霉的摇瓶连续培养和发酵罐连续培养进行了研究。摇瓶中以5%的接种量进行连续培养,最适温度在30~33℃之间,每6 h替换一次新鲜废水培养基,5次替换新鲜废水培养基后最大絮凝率仍达到97.8%。在发酵罐扩大连续培养中以5%的接种量接种后经过9 h预培养达到稳定生产絮凝剂后,以4 mL/min的补料流量进行连续培养,生产的絮凝剂产量达到2.392 g/L,且最大絮凝率为98.1%。生产36 h后对发酵系统中菌体进行稀释,使菌体量保持在50~200 g/L之间可持续进行生产。     

小型燃油锅炉NO_x的排放特征与管理控制

以68台燃油锅炉(≤10.5 MW)NO_x排放实测数据为基础,通过统计分析方法,研究了NO_x的排放特征;通过对比分析,探讨了我国燃油锅炉NO_x排放控制与管理现状,讨论了进一步加强我国燃油锅炉NO_x排放管理控制的可能性与可行性,并提出了相应的管理控制建议。结果表明,NO_x平均排放浓度为318.2 mg/m~3,基于燃料消耗量的平均排放因子为4.4 kg/t,基于燃料发热量的平均排放因子为102.8 ng/J,基于燃料氮含量的平均排放因子为2.1 mg/mg;建议采取分阶段控制的方式,逐步提高NO_x排放限制,从而实现控源减排目标。