湖北黄石市天然水铬污染及其同位素特征

元素Cr(Ⅵ)作为水体中重要的污染物质,其同位素组成对水体环境变化具有较强的敏感性.笔者以黄石振华有限公司周围污染水体为分析实例,通过研究发现:在靠近铬渣堆附近的水中,受到的污染较为严重,随着距离的增大,污染程度减小;同时δ63Cr具有较好的指示意义,δ63Cr值基本上随着Cr(Ⅵ)浓度的增大而呈现逐渐减小的趋势.     

Adaptive management of the Great Barrier Reef and the Grand Canyon world heritage areas

Conventional perceptions of the interactions between people and their environment are rapidly transforming. Old paradigms that view humans as separate from nature, natural resources as inexhaustible or endlessly substitutable, and the world as stable, predictable, and in balance are no longer tenable. New conceptual frameworks are rapidly emerging based on an adaptive approach that focuses on learning and flexible management in a dynamic social-ecological landscape. Using two iconic World Heritage Areas as case studies (the Great Barrier Reef and the Grand Canyon) we outline how an improved integration of the scientific and social aspects of natural resource management can guide the evolution of multiscale systems of governance that confront and cope with uncertainty, risk, and change in an increasingly human-dominated world.     

工业电缆隧道水雾喷头的布置及其效果验证

为保证工业电缆隧道的高效灭火,设计一套合理的水雾喷头布置方案,并利用流体动力学软件FDS对隧道从发生火灾到水喷头动作达到灭火效果的全过程进行模拟计算,对设计方案进行可行性验证.     

超声氧化降解糠醛废水的研究

采用超声与氧化技术联合处理糠醛废水,其COD去除率可达87%,同时考察了反应时间、温度、初始浓度、超声频率、超声功率、H2O2和FeSO4初始浓度等工艺参数对COD去除效果的影响,为处理该种废水提供了一种清洁、简便、低能耗的净化方法.     

基于深度学习的复杂作业场景下安全帽识别研究

为有效预防由于个人防护缺失所造成的事故,着力探究复杂作业情况下施工人员安全帽佩戴情况的智能化识别.提出在Faster R-CNN目标检测算法的基础上,针对小目标的安全帽识别问题通过增加锚点提升检测能力,为解决数据集中类别不平衡问题采用Focal loss替代原本的损失函数,为解决安全帽预测区域不匹配问题,引入ROI A...     

Specific absorption and backscattering coefficients of the main water constituents in Poyang Lake, China

Obtaining and analyzing the specific inherent optical properties (SIOPs) of water bodies is necessary for bio-optical model development and remote sensing-based water quality retrievals and, further, for related ecological studies of aquatic ecosystems. This study aimed to measure and analyze the specific absorption and backscattering coefficients of the main water constituents in Poyang Lake, China. The specific absorption and/or backscattering coefficients of the main water constituents at 85 sampling sites (47 in 2010 and 38 in 2011) were measured and analyzed as follows: (1) the concentrations of chlorophyll a (C _CHL), suspended particulate matter (C _SPM) (including suspended particulate inorganic matter (C _SPIM) and suspended particulate organic matter (C _SPOM)), and the absorption coefficients of total particulate (a _p), phytoplankton (a _ph), and non-pigment particulate (a _d) were measured in the laboratory; (2) the total backscattering coefficients at six wavelengths of 420, 442, 470, 510, 590, and 700 nm, including the contribution of pure water, were measured in the field with a HydroScat-6 backscattering sensor, and the backscattering coefficients without the contribution of pure water (b _b) were then derived by subtracting the backscattering coefficients of pure water from the total backscattering coefficients; (3) the specific absorption coefficients of total particulate ( $ a_{\mathrm{p}}^{ * } $ ), phytoplankton ( $ {a_{{\mathrm{ph}}}}^{ * } $ ), and non-pigment particulate ( $ a_{\mathrm{d}}^{ * } $ ) were calculated by dividing a _p, a _ph, and a _d by C _SPM, C _CHL, and C _SPIM, respectively, while the specific backscattering coefficients of total suspended particulate matter ( $ b_{\mathrm{b}}^{ * } $ ) were calculated by dividing b _b by C _SPM; and (4) the $ {a_{{\mathrm{ph}}}}^{ * } $ , $ a_{\mathrm{d}}^{ * } $ , $ a_{\mathrm{p}}^{ * } $ and $ b_{\mathrm{b}}^{ * } $ of the remaining samples (46 in 2010 and 36 in 2011) were visualized and analyzed, and their relations to C _CHL, C _SPIM or C _SPM were studied, respectively. The main results are summarized as follows: (1) the $ {a_{{\mathrm{ph}}}}^{ * } $ values at 440 nm were 0.0367–0.7203 m²?mg^?1 with a mean of 0.1623?±?0.1426 m²?mg^?1 in 2010 and 0.0319–0.7735 m²?mg^?1 with a mean of 0.3145?±?0.1961 m²?mg^?1 in 2011; there existed significant, negative, and moderate correlations between $ {a_{{\mathrm{ph}}}}^{ * } $ and C _CHL at 400–700 nm in 2010 and 2011 (p?<?0.05); (2) The $ a_{\mathrm{d}}^{ * } $ values at 440 nm were 0.0672–0.2043 m²?g^?1 with a mean of 0.1022?±?0.0326 m²?g^?1 in 2010 and 0.0559–0.1347 m²?g^?1 with a mean of 0.0953?±?0.0196 m²?g^?1 in 2011; there existed negative correlations between $ a_{\mathrm{d}}^{ * } $ and C _SPIM, while the correlations showed overall decreasing and increasing trends before and after around 575 nm with increasing wavelengths, respectively; (3) The $ a_{\mathrm{p}}^{ * } $ values at 440 nm were 0.0690–0.1929 m²?g^?1 with a mean of 0.1036?±?0.0298 m²?g^?1 in 2010 and 0.0571–0.1321 m²?g^?1 with a mean of 0.1014?±?0.0191 m²?g^?1 in 2011, and the negative correlations between $ a_{\mathrm{p}}^{ * } $ and C _SPM were found in both years; (4) The $ b_{\mathrm{b}}^{ * } $ at the six wavelengths generally decreased with increasing wavelengths, while the $ b_{\mathrm{b}}^{ * } $ values at 420 nm were lower than those at 442 nm for some samples; the correlation between $ b_{\mathrm{b}}^{ * } $ and C _SPM increased with increasing wavelength. Such results can only represent the SIOPs during the sampling time periods, and more measurements and analyses considering different seasons need to be carried out in the future to comprehensively understand the SIOPs of Poyang Lake.     

湖北臭氧分布特征及其管控措施

采用地面站点观测、卫星观测以及UWCM 0-D箱子模型模拟的方法研究湖北2013—2015年臭氧时空分布特征,并探讨其管控措施。从地面站点观测看出,时间分布上,这3年臭氧年平均浓度经历先下降后上升的过程,总体呈上升趋势,而二氧化氮年平均浓度则呈现持续下降的趋势;空间分布上,湖北各区域臭氧浓度分布不均匀,呈现东高西低的递减分布趋势。从卫星观测数据看出,2015年湖北的臭氧柱浓度高于2013、2014年同期。从空间分布来看,臭氧的柱浓度是从东北到西南、从省外到省内逐渐递减,因此推测,除了本地生成,湖北的臭氧有一部分是来源于省外传输。最大臭氧生成量法显示,烯烃(乙烯和丙烯)对湖北夏天臭氧生成量的贡献远大于其他挥发性有机化合物。箱子模型模拟的结果显示,湖北应该通过控制挥发性有机化合物的排放来降低臭氧生成速率,控制氮氧化物反而使臭氧生成速率提高。     

Sorption of chlorimuron-ethyl on montmorillonite clays: effects of exchangeable cations,pH, and ionic strength

Sorption interaction of chlorimuron-ethyl with montmorillonite clays was investigated under varied types of exchangeable cation, pH, and ionic strength conditions. Chlorimuron-ethyl sorption on bentonites exhibited pronounced cation dependency, and the sorption ability increased as the sequence Ca²⁺- < Na⁺- < Al³⁺- < Fe³⁺-bentonite, due to different sorption mechanisms, whereas the cation dependency was influenced by the clay type and much weaker for montmorillonites. The decrease of pH at the range of 4.0–6.0 prominently increased sorption of chlorimuron-ethyl on all cation-exchanged montmorillonite clays, and nearly a neglected sorption (about 2 %) can be observed at pH over 7.0. In the presence of CaCl₂, sorption of chlorimuron-ethyl on Fe³⁺-bentonite was promoted because of complexion of Ca²⁺ and the surface of Fe³⁺-bentonite. However, as the concentration of CaCl₂ increased, chlorimuron-ethyl sorption on Ca²⁺- and Fe³⁺-exchanged bentonite decreased, suggesting that Ca bridging was not the prevailing mechanism for sorption of chlorimuron-ethyl on these clays. Furthermore, chlorimuron-ethyl sorption was relatively sensitive to pH, and the change of pH may obscure effect of other factors on the sorption, so it was quite necessary to control pH at a constant value when the effect of other factor was being studied.     

Remediation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon and metal-contaminated soil by successive methyl-β-cyclodextrin-enhanced soil washing–microbial augmentation: a laboratory evaluation

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) and metal-polluted sites caused by abandoned coking plants are receiving wide attention. To address the associated environmental concerns, innovative remediation technologies are urgently needed. This study was initiated to investigate the feasibility of a cleanup strategy that employed an initial phase, using methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MCD) solution to enhance ex situ soil washing for extracting PAHs and metals simultaneously, followed by the addition of PAH-degrading bacteria (Paracoccus sp. strain HPD-2) and supplemental nutrients to treat the residual soil-bound PAHs. Elevated temperature (50 °C) in combination with ultrasonication (35 kHz, 30 min) at 100 g MCD L^?1 was effective in extracting PAHs and metals to assist soil washing; 93 % of total PAHs, 72 % of Cd, 78 % of Ni, 93 % of Zn, 84 % of Cr, and 68 % of Pb were removed from soil after three successive washing cycles. Treating the residual soil-bound PAHs for 20 weeks led to maximum biodegradation rates of 34, 45, 36, and 32 % of the remaining total PAHs, 3-ring PAHs, 4-ring PAHs, and 5(+6)-ring PAHs after washing procedure, respectively. Based on BIOLOG Ecoplate assay, the combined treatment at least partially restored microbiological functions in the contaminated soil. The ex situ cleanup strategy through MCD-enhanced soil washing followed by microbial augmentation can be effective in remediating PAH and metal-contaminated soil.