厌氧陈腐垃圾模拟柱对渗滤液COD和NH_3-N的处理特性

通过实地钻取阿苏卫填埋场陈腐垃圾,真实模拟填埋场压实工艺,制作2种不同压实密度的陈腐垃圾模拟柱,对比研究其对渗滤液COD、NH3-N处理效果。结果表明,当模拟柱压实密度为1.09 t/m3时,渗滤液垂直运动明显;回灌此模拟柱水力负荷分别为18.6、28、37.2和46.5 L/t时,COD去除效果稳定,平均去除率达82.4%,最高去除率可达90.1%;出水NH3-N浓度均值为549.3 mg/L,且介于415～700 mg/L间变化。自循环回灌COD去除率最高仅为11.5%,NH3-N去除率最高仅为11.8%,两者去除效果不明显。因此,北方平原型填埋场进一步完善填埋工艺,使填埋场垂直方向渗透系数分布均匀,充分利用陈腐垃圾堆体的自降解能力,才是处理渗滤液污染的关键。     

试论循环经济及畜禽废弃物资源化

畜禽废弃物是一个巨大的环境污染源,同时也是一个巨大的生物质资源库。如何防治畜禽粪便污染和资源化利用的问题,已成为关系到农业实现可持续发展的重要问题。运用循环经济理论促进畜禽废弃物的资源化,对于缓解农村能源紧张状况、提高畜产品质量、良化人们生活环境,增强人民身体健康有着重大意义。     

环境空气PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)监测分析质量保证及其评价

为保证四城市ＰＭ２５和ＰＭ１０的监测数据准确,具有可比性,本研究规定了滤膜的选择、称量操作步骤的要求和滤膜称量的质控指标。研究结果表明,粗细颗粒物样品的采集和称量操作可行,监测数据准确、可靠,具有可比性。     

混凝去除垃圾渗滤液中DOM的实验研究

选取氯化铁(FeCl3.6H2O)为混凝剂,以经0.45μm膜和1nm膜分子切割的垃圾渗滤液为研究对象,通过混凝剂投加量和混凝pH值实验,研究了垃圾渗滤液中DOM的去除情况,并比较了两种不同分子量水平的渗滤液中DOM的混凝去除特点。研究表明,pH值是影响渗滤液DOM去除的主要因素,氯化铁在pH=5、投加量为4g/L的条件下混凝效果最佳。混凝pH值对大分子量渗滤液中DOC去除的影响较大;而两种分子量水平的渗滤液UV254的去除差异不大。     

加氧酶在手性化合物合成中的应用研究进展

手性化合物广泛应用于医药、农药、新材料及精细化学品合成等领域.传统的化学合成方法存在一定的局限,如对映选择性较差、耗能高、污染严重等.生物催化作为一种环境友好且高选择性的合成方法成为当代有机合成领域的研究热点.从生物催化合成机制、加氧酶的定向进化与改造、生物催化合成手性化合物的过程优化控制等方面,综述了微生物加氧酶在手...     

城镇化进程中用水量增长的门槛效应与动态作用机制分析

城镇化是发展中国家21世纪的主要发展趋势,在很大程度上主导着人口、经济和产业结构等各方面的转变,成为拉动用水量增长的关键因素。城镇化进程中城镇居民收入、人口结构、人口密度和人力资本等因素的变化,使得城镇化并非表现为线性发展规律,最终导致用水量也存在相应的门槛效应并呈现阶段性增长特征。本文首先对我国各地区城镇化水平和用水量进行统计分析,从地区层面直观描述我国城镇化水平和用水量的变化特征,然后采用面板门槛模型研究城镇化、城镇居民人均收入、人力资本、城市人口密度和人口年龄结构对于用水量的门槛效应,搜寻在城镇化进程中各人口因素对用水量影响的门槛点并分析阶段性变化特征,最后结合PVAR模型研究城镇化进程中各人口因素对用水量的动态影响和作用机制。门槛回归结果发现:城镇化对用水量的影响具有明显的阶段性特征,分别以城镇化和人均收入为门槛变量,超越门槛点后城镇化对用水量的弹性系数分别呈现先升后降的倒"U"型和先降后升的正"U"型变化趋势;以人力资本为门槛变化量,城镇化对用水量的拉动作用则不断减弱。脉冲响应结果显示:城镇化对用水量具有长期且稳定的正向冲击,而居民收入和人口年龄结构对用水量的正向冲击则逐渐收敛于零,人口密度和人力资本对用水量均具有负向冲击,且人口密度的负效应不断增强,而人力资本的负效应不断减弱。方差分解的结果表明,目前我国用水量的增长受自身的影响较大,除年龄结构外,人口密度、居民收入、人力资本和城镇化也具有小规模的贡献程度。     

Connecting Diverse Knowledge Systems for Enhanced Ecosystem Governance: The Multiple Evidence Base Approach

Indigenous and local knowledge systems as well as practitioners’ knowledge can provide valid and useful knowledge to enhance our understanding of governance of biodiversity and ecosystems for human well-being. There is, therefore, a great need within emerging global assessment programs, such as the IPBES and other international efforts, to develop functioning mechanisms for legitimate, transparent, and constructive ways of creating synergies across knowledge systems. We present the multiple evidence base (MEB) as an approach that proposes parallels whereby indigenous, local and scientific knowledge systems are viewed to generate different manifestations of knowledge, which can generate new insights and innovations through complementarities. MEB emphasizes that evaluation of knowledge occurs primarily within rather than across knowledge systems. MEB on a particular issue creates an enriched picture of understanding, for triangulation and joint assessment of knowledge, and a starting point for further knowledge generation.     

基于Paircopula函数和标准化径流指数的水文干旱频率分析——以南盘江流域为例

选取南盘江流域3个水文站52 a（1961~2012年）的逐月径流资料,联合两个相邻站点,分别计算标准化径流指数（SSFI）,运用游程理论识别52 a来不同站点干旱特征,并用Pair copula函数计算不同站点的联合重现期。结果表明：（1）52 a来3个站点干旱特征值的最大值都出现在2011~2012年;从单个站点看,52 a来沾益站的干旱次数、最大干旱历时、最大干旱烈度均大于高谷马站和江边街站,最大干旱峰值出现在江边街站;从联合站点看,中游以上高谷马站和沾益站的干旱特征值均大于中游以下高谷马站和江边街站,3个站点联合识别的干旱特征值大于中下游站点联合识别干旱特征值,小于中上游站点联合识别干旱特征值,上游干旱更严重;（2）Frank Pair copula函数的RMSE、AIC和BIC值最小,拟合程度最高,适合运用于南盘江流域干旱频率分析中;（3）运用Frank Pair copula函数计算得到3个水文站点2009~2012年的连续干旱重现期都在100~200 a,是52 a来最严重的一次干旱     

PCB contamination in soils of the Pearl River Delta, South China: levels, sources, and potential risks

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) contamination in tropical and sub-tropical areas and the associated risks have attracted great concern. A total of 69 samples representing five distinct land types were collected to assess PCB concentrations in the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China, including spatial distributions in soils of the area, the probable anthropogenic sources, and related potential risks. PCBs concentrations in soils of the PRD ranged from 0.3 to 202 ng?g^?1. More severe PCBs contamination was presented in the western part than in the eastern part of the PRD region. The PCBs were dominated by low-chlorinated biphenyls; however, the proportion of higher-chlorinated biphenyls was elevated with the influence of industrial activities. Principal component analysis indicated that PCBs contamination in soils of the PRD region was mainly associated with 1#PCBs, while 2#PCB and e-waste emission in South China also accounted for it partly, especially to the industrial activity severely impacted areas. Toxic equivalent (TEQ) of the dioxin-like PCBs in the soils indicated that higher risk of PCB contamination was presented in the Dongjiang River Valley (55 ng?TEQ?kg^?1, on average) than in the Xijiang River Valley, and were mostly contributed by the congener of PCB126.