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171.
Modern mechanical–biological waste treatment plants for the stabilization of both the source-separated organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (OFMSW) and the mixed stream of municipal solid wastes (MSW) include a mechanical pretreatment step to separate recyclable materials such as plastics, glass or metals, before biological treatment of the resulting organic material. In this work, the role of storage and mechanical pretreatment steps in the stabilization of organic matter has been studied by means of respiration techniques. Results have shown that a progressive stabilization of organic matter occurs during the pretreatment of the source-separated OFMSW, which is approximately 30% measured by the dynamic respiration index. In the case of mixed MSW, the stabilization occurring during the reception and storage of MSW is compensated by the effect of concentration of organic matter that the pretreatment step provokes on this material. Both results are crucial for the operation of the succeeding biological process. Finally, respiration indices have been shown to be suitable for the monitoring of the pretreatment steps in mechanical–biological waste treatment plants, with a strong positive correlation between the dynamic respiration index and the cumulative respiration index across all samples tested. 相似文献
172.
Removal of pyrene from contaminated sediments by mangrove microcosms 总被引:19,自引:0,他引:19
The potential of mangrove wetland systems to remove pyrene from surface- or bottom-contaminated sediments was investigated by microcosm studies. The performance of two mangrove plant species, Kandelia candel and Bruguiera gymnorrhiza in pyrene removal was also compared. During the six-months experimental period, the growth of both species in the surface-contaminated microcosms was not significantly different from that in the bottom-contaminated ones, and was comparable to the control (without any pyrene contamination). At the end of six-months treatment, pyrene concentrations in contaminated sediments declined from an initial 3 microg g(-1) to less than 0.4 microg g(-1), indicating that pyrene was successfully removed by mangrove microcosms. Around 96.4% and 92.8% pyrene in microcosms planted with K. candel were removed from the surface- and bottom-contaminated sediments, respectively. The removal percentages were slightly lower in microcosms planted with B. gymnorrhiza. Significant accumulation of pyrene in roots was only found in microcosms having bottom-contaminated sediments, and pyrene concentrations were 3.05 microg g(-1) and 4.50 microg g(-1) in roots of K. candel and B. gymnorrhiza, respectively. These values were much higher than that in control microcosms (without pyrene contamination, root pyrene concentrations were 0.27 microg g(-1) for K. candel and 0.34 microg g(-1) for B. gymnorrhiza) and in microcosms with contaminated sediments placed at the surface layer. Nevertheless, the overall contribution of root accumulation and plant uptake to the removal of pyrene from contaminated sediments was insignificant. 相似文献
173.
INTRODUCTION: To examine the association between child passenger injury risk, restraint use, and crash time (day vs. night) for children in crashes of vehicles driven by teenage versus adult drivers. METHODS: Cross-sectional study involving telephone interviews with insured drivers in a probability sample of 6,184 crashes involving 10,028 children. RESULTS: Child passengers in teen nighttime crashes had an increased injury risk and an increased risk of restraint nonuse compared with those in teen daytime crashes. This increased injury risk can be explained by differences in the age of child passengers, collision type, and child passenger's restraint status associated with time of day. CONCLUSIONS: In order to limit the risk of injury to child passengers driven by teens, Graduated Driver Licensing (GDL) laws should include provisions restricting nighttime driving, as well as mandates for age-appropriate restraint for child passengers. Consideration should also be given for education in child passenger safety for novice teen drivers as part of the licensing process. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: Results of this study can be used to support advocacy efforts by the automotive industry and others to promote nighttime driving restrictions on novice drivers. In addition, given that both driver groups were more likely to be involved in a single-vehicle collision during the night, technologies such as electronic stability control may offer opportunities for protection. Further reseach on specific circumstances of teen nighttime crashes is needed to inform industry efforts to improve visibility or vehicle operation under poor lighting conditions. 相似文献
174.
Enzymatic degradation of anthracene, dibenzothiophene and pyrene by manganese peroxidase in media containing acetone 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
The high hydrophobicity of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) greatly hamper their degradation in liquid media. The use of an organic solvent can assist the degradative action of ligninolytic enzymes from white rot fungi. The enzymatic action of the enzyme manganese peroxidase (MnP) in media containing a miscible organic solvent, acetone (36% v/v), was evaluated as a feasible system for the in vitro degradation of three PAHs: anthracene, dibenzothiophene and pyrene. These compounds were degraded to a large extent after a short period of time (7, 24 and 24h, respectively), at conditions maximizing the MnP-oxidative system. The initial amount of enzyme present in the reaction medium was determinant for the kinetics of the process. The order of degradability, in terms of degradation rates was as follows: anthracene>dibenzothiophene>pyrene. The intermediate compounds were determined using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and the degradation mechanisms were proposed. Anthracene was degraded to phthalic acid. A ring cleavage product of the oxidation of dibenzothiophene, 4-methoxybenzoic acid, was also observed. 相似文献
175.
Almeida CM Mucha AP Vasconcelos MT 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2006,142(1):151-159
The capability of Scirpus maritimus and of Juncus maritimus to accumulate metals and the role of each plant on the physico-chemical composition of sediments, from Douro river estuary (NW Portugal), were investigated through a year of plants' life. The contents of Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn were determined (by atomic absorption spectrophotometry) in sediment, rhizosediments (those in contact with each plant roots and rhizomes) and different tissues of S. maritimus and of J. maritimus. Both plants influenced the sediment composition (concentrating metals around its roots) and were able to bioaccumulate Cd, in spite of some seasonal variations in the metal levels in the system (both in rhizosediments and plants' roots). Therefore, both plants showed to have potential for Cd phytostabilization. S. maritimus could also concentrate Pb in its roots, probably by sorption on the root surface in (hydr)oxide forms, therefore, denoting capability for Pb phytostabilization. 相似文献
176.
María Teresa Barral Silva Ana Moldes Menduí?a Yolanda Cendón Seijo Francisco Díaz-Fierros Viqueira 《Waste management & research》2007,25(2):99-108
The quality of compost and its suitability for agricultural application depend upon physical and chemical parameters such as water-holding capacity, porosity, pH, electrical conductivity, C/N ratio, available nutrients and the absence of toxic substances. In the present study a complete characterization of an industrial municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) based on standardized European methods (CEN) for soil improvers and growing media was obtained, and compared with the quality of other Spanish composted biowaste and conventional substrates such as peat and pine bark. The MSWC was obtained from the main composting plant in Galicia (Spain), which processes organic waste that has been separated at origin and collected from more than 100 000 inhabitants. The MSWC presented a lower C/N ratio (15) than peat (84) and composted pine bark (CPB) (211), but had a similar ratio to other marketed MSWC. The nutrients and heavy metals were extracted using different recommended solvents (water, CaCl2 + diethylen triamin pentaacetic acid, and aqua regia). The nutrient concentrations of composted urban waste or manure were much higher than those of peat, CPB or pine bark. On the basis of the results of the plant tolerance test, the MSWC could be employed directly as a soil improver, but would need to be diluted with other low-salt components such as peat or CPB before being used as a growing media. 相似文献
177.
Ana Vicente Ana Calvo Ana P. Fernandes Teresa Nunes Cristina Monteiro Casimiro Pio Célia Alves 《环境科学学报(英文版)》2017,29(3):122-131
In summer 2010, twenty eight(14 PM_(2.5)samples plus 14 samples PM_(2.5–10)) smoke samples were collected during wildfires that occurred in central Portugal. A portable high-volume sampler was used to perform the sampling, on quartz fibre filters of coarse(PM_(2.5–10)) and fine(PM_(2.5)) smoke samples. The carbonaceous content(elemental and organic carbon) of particulate matter was analysed by a thermal–optical technique. Subsequently, the particulate samples were solvent extracted and fractionated by vacuum flash chromatography into three different classes of organic compounds(aliphatics, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) and carbonyl compounds). The organic speciation was performed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry(GC–MS). Emissions were dominated by the fine particles, which represented around 92% of the PM_(10). A clear predominance of carbonaceous constituents was observed, with organic to elemental carbon(OC/EC)ratios ranging between 1.69 and 245 in both size fractions. The isoprenoid ketone6,10,14-trimethyl-2-pentadecanone, a tracer for secondary organic aerosol formation, was one of the dominant constituents in both fine and coarse particles. Retene was the most abundant compound in all samples. Good correlations were obtained between OC and both aliphatic and PAH compounds. Pyrogenic processes, thermal release of biogenic compounds and secondary processing accounted for 97% of the apportioned PM_(2.5)levels. 相似文献
178.
Sara González-García Almudena Hospido Ma Teresa Moreira Javier Romero Gumersindo Feijoo 《Journal of Cleaner Production》2009,17(11):1010-1016
Pulp industry plays an important role in the structure of European economy and society. Paper pulp manufacture, the industrial utilization of plant biomass, is increasing every year. In Spain, Eucalyptus is the dominant raw material and the Kraft cooking and total chlorine free (TCF) bleaching processes lead the procedures of Eucalyptus paper pulp production. This paper aims to identify and quantify the environmental impacts associated to Eucalyptus TCF pulp manufacture by using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as an analytical tool. The system has been defined using a cradle-to-gate perspective, that is to say from forest activities to the exit gate of the pulp mill. The production of chemicals consumed in the cooking and bleaching stages as well as the on-site energy production system is the elements that contribute the most to all impact categories analyzed (more than 50% of total contributions), except for the eutrophication potential where forest activities and waste treatment play an important roles (about 52% of total). Specific actions associated to the recovery boiler, lime kiln and digestion stage could considerably reduce the environmental impact and improve the environmental performance of the Spanish paper pulp industry. 相似文献
179.