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321.
Jerzy W. Mietelski Sergiy Dubchak Teresa Anielska 《Journal of environmental radioactivity》2010,101(9):706-711
Fruiting bodies of fungi belonging to more than 70 species were collected within a few thousand square meter area of one forest during 2006 and 2007. The soil profile was collected to check the cumulative deposition of 137Cs, which was relatively high, equal to 64 ± 2 kBq/m2 (calculated for October 2006). The majority of this activity was in the first 6 cm. Fruitbodies were analyzed for radiocesium and 40K by means of gamma-spectrometry. The highest 137Cs activity was 54.1 ± 0.7 kBq/kg (dry weight) for a sample of Lactarius helvus collected in 2006. The results for 2006 were higher than those for 2007. In a few cases the traces of short-lived (T1/2 = 2.06 a) 134Cs were still found in samples. The importance of mycorrhizal fungi for radiocesium accumulation is confirmed. The differences in activity among the species are discussed in relation to observations and predictions from previous studies, where the change in relative accumulation between fruiting bodies of different species was at least partially explained by the differences in the depth of the mycelium localization in a litter/soil system. It is concluded that in some cases, such as Boletus edulis and Xerocomus badius, this prediction is fulfilled and therefore this explanation confirmed. 相似文献
322.
Victoria Reyes-García lvaro Fernndez-Llamazares Yildiz Aumeeruddy-Thomas Petra Benyei Rainer W. Bussmann Sara K. Diamond David García-del-Amo Sara Guadilla-Sez Natalia Hanazaki Nicolas Kosoy Margarita Lavides Ana C. Luz Pamela McElwee Vicky J. Meretsky Teresa Newberry Zsolt Molnr Isabel Ruiz-Malln Matthieu Salpeteur Felice S. Wyndham Francisco Zorondo-Rodriguez Eduardo S. Brondizio 《Ambio》2022,51(1):84
The Convention on Biological Diversity is defining the goals that will frame future global biodiversity policy in a context of rapid biodiversity decline and under pressure to make transformative change. Drawing on the work of Indigenous and non-Indigenous scholars, we argue that transformative change requires the foregrounding of Indigenous peoples’ and local communities’ rights and agency in biodiversity policy. We support this argument with four key points. First, Indigenous peoples and local communities hold knowledge essential for setting realistic and effective biodiversity targets that simultaneously improve local livelihoods. Second, Indigenous peoples’ conceptualizations of nature sustain and manifest CBD’s 2050 vision of “Living in harmony with nature.” Third, Indigenous peoples’ and local communities’ participation in biodiversity policy contributes to the recognition of human and Indigenous peoples’ rights. And fourth, engagement in biodiversity policy is essential for Indigenous peoples and local communities to be able to exercise their recognized rights to territories and resources. 相似文献
323.
The effect of the addition of spent grape marc compost (GMC) and vermicompost (GMV) as amendments to slate mining wastes was evaluated in a laboratory incubation experiment. Mixtures of slate processing fines (SPF), with three doses of each amendment (4%, 8% and 16% compost, dry weight), plus a control were incubated at 25 degrees C in the laboratory for 90 days. The changes in the chemical and biological properties of the mixtures (pH, total C, total N, inorganic N, available nutrients, microbial biomass carbon and dehydrogenase activity) were investigated during the incubation period, and once it was finished, the phytotoxicity of the mixtures was determined by the germination of Lolium multiflorum Lam. seeds. The addition of the amendments significantly increased the nutrient concentrations of the SPF and enhanced biological activity by increasing microbial biomass and enzymatic activity. Results improved with higher doses; within the composts, GMV showed a better performance than GMC. These results prove the suitability of grape marc-derived amendments for the biochemical amelioration of mining wastes, and highlight the benefits of organic amendment in restoration projects. 相似文献
324.
Application of fluidization to separate packaging waste plastics 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
The objective of the experimental work described in this paper is the study of the separation of PS (polystyrene) from PET (polyethylene terephthalate) and PVC (polyvinyl chloride) from drop-off points using a fluidized bed separator. This is a low-cost process commonly used in the hydro-classification of mineral ores. Firstly, experimental tests were carried out with artificial granulated samples with different grain sizes, types and sources of plastic ("separability tests"). The particle settling velocities were determined under different operating conditions. Then, based on the results, the laboratory tests continued with real mixtures of waste plastics ("separation tests") and the efficiency of the process was evaluated. From a PET-rich mixture, a concentrate of PS with a 75% grade in PS was produced while the underflow was quite clear from PS (grade less than 0.5% in PS). 相似文献
325.
Correa-Reyes G Viana MT Marquez-Rocha FJ Licea AF Ponce E Vazquez-Duhalt R 《Chemosphere》2007,68(4):662-670
Nonylphenol is a metabolic intermediate from the microbial transformation of detergents used worldwide. While nonylphenol shows some acute toxicity, it is also able to mimic important hormones resulting in the disruption of several processes by interfering with the signals that control the overall physiology of the organism. The effect of the pollutant nonylphenol (NP) through the trophic chain was studied. Microalgae Isochrysis galbana was able to bioconcentrate NP 6940 times, where 77% of initial NP (100microgl(-1)) is accumulated intracellularly after 1-h incubation. Crustacean Artemia fransiscana showed 25% higher growth when fed with NP-rich algae. However, Artemia metabolized almost all NP ingested and only traces of NP could be found in the organism, eliminating future NP effects. Zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) were affected by the presence of 171microgg(-1) of NP in the diet, showing higher levels of the hormone vitellogenin and lower levels of cytochrome P450 activity. These results showed that organisms placed in the first level of trophic chain are able to significantly bioconcentrate the pollutant and endocrine disruptor NP. These grassed organisms affect the growth of crustacean. Moreover, the organisms placed on the top of some trophic chains, such as fish, could be affected by the presence of NP in their food, in both the hormone levels and metabolic enzymes. This work shows that the environmental presence of NP should be considered as a risk for the organisms living in an ecosystem. 相似文献
326.
David A. Rubinos Valeria Calvo Luz Iglesias María Teresa Barral 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(14):8631-8644
In this study, we investigated the effect of some potential alleviative compounds against the acute toxicity of arsenic (AsV, AsIII and DMAV) on Aliivibrio fischeri (formerly Vibrio fischeri), a bioluminescent model bacterium, through the Microtox® bioassay. The compounds studied differed in their mechanism of action, and they included the following: phosphate and glycerol, as chemical analogues (and potential competitors) of AsV or AsIII, respectively; citrate, a weak natural organic ligand; and the antioxidant ascorbic acid. Special attention was paid to phosphate effects, a widespread pollutant in natural environments. AsV was found to be more acutely toxic than AsIII to A. fischeri, in accordance with its higher interaction with the bacteria. Both AsV and AsIII were found to be much more acutely toxic than DMAV, which was essentially non-acutely toxic even at very high concentrations. Phosphate presence (at equimolar P/As ratios or higher) resulted in the almost total suppression of bioluminescence inhibition, suggesting it exerts an alleviative effect against AsV acute toxicity on A. fischeri. Interestingly, the uptake and the percentage of extracellular AsV were not affected by the addition of phosphate, suggesting that such protective effect does not result from the competition for their common transporters. In contrast, the acute toxicity of AsIII was essentially unaffected by phosphate. Glycerol did not decrease the acute toxicity or the uptake of AsIII by A. fischeri, denoting the likely occurrence of an additional mechanism for AsIII uptake in such bacteria. Similarly, citrate and ascorbic acid essentially did not caused alleviation of AsV or AsIII acute toxicity. As for environmental and operational implications, P could beneficially protect aquatic microorganisms against acute detrimental effects of AsV, whilst its presence could mask the toxicity due to AsV when assessed using the Microtox® bioassay, thus leading to seriously underestimate the actual ecological and health risks. 相似文献
327.
Andrés M Cisneros-Montemayor Amanda Townsel Claire M Gonzales Andrea R Haas Estrella E Navarro-Holm Teresa Salorio-Zuñiga Andrew F Johnson 《Natural resources forum》2020,44(2):111-128
Ecotourism can incentivize social and environmental benefits through marine conservation, in parallel with efforts to better manage fisheries, coastal development, and other human pressures. In Mexico's Gulf of California and Baja California Peninsula (GCBP), marine ecosystems support tourism activities in many communities, but to date there have been no region-wide studies to estimate their benefits or identify key species. Based on data collected in this study, each year nature-based marine tourism in the GCBP results in 896,000 visits, US$518 million in expenditures and at least 3,575 direct jobs from formal operations. In interviews with operators, over 40 species groups were named as important; sea lions, whale sharks, whales, and marlin were the highest ranked, highlighting the importance of ecosystem-wide health for nature-based tourism sustainability. Local employment and the ability to make economic and conservation goals compatible were noted by operators as significant opportunities provided by nature-based marine tourism; challenges included pollution and declines in ecosystem health, a lack of infrastructure, poor resource management policies, and high operating costs. As nature-based marine tourism expands, a wider transition to true ecotourism, a focus on equitable benefits and collaboration between stakeholders and a cross-scale and ecosystem approach to management will be vital for achieving potential sustainable social, ecological and economic benefits. 相似文献
328.
Fish as indicators of disturbance in streams used for snorkeling activities in a tourist region 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
A set of metrics that reflect various aspects of population and fish community structure in streams used for snorkeling was
evaluated in the tourist region of Bodoquena Plateau, Brazil, with the purpose of biomonitoring the impacts of such activities.
Observations were made while snorkeling in two sites (active = with tourism; inactive = without tourism) and along the gradient
of daily tourist activity (before, during and after the passage of tourists) in two streams. Five metrics discriminated active
from inactive sites: (i) the abundance of Crenicichla lepidota and (ii) the incidence of reproductive activity in Crenicichla lepidota which were greater in inactive sites, regardless the gradient of daily tourist activity; (iii) the feeding pattern of Prochilodus lineatus, which differed among sites and along the gradient of daily tourist activity; (iv) the abundance of Moenkhausia bonita, which was higher in the active sites and significantly increased along the gradient of daily tourist activity in one stream
but decrease along the gradient in other stream; (v) the abundance of Hyphessobrycon eques, which was greater in inactive sites, regardless the gradient of daily tourist activity. With the exception of metric “iv”,
the metrics were mediated by the reduction in habitat structural complexity due to snorkeling disturbance. The definition
of these metrics is relevant because the degradation of ecosystem structural elements is one of the main impacts of recreational
activities on aquatic environments. The easy recognition of target species and high water transparency throughout the year
ensures the feasibility of these metrics in monitoring programs and may be applied by technicians after quick guides and training. 相似文献
329.
Patricia Prado Catherine J. Collier Javier Romero Teresa Alcoverro 《Marine Biology》2011,158(7):1473-1482
Herbivory is now recognized as an important structuring agent in seagrass meadows but the attack pattern and tissue damage
of consumers are highly variable. Nutritional preferences of herbivores and/or easy access to resources may cause differences
in biomass loss among tissues that damage the plant in functionally distinctive ways. The two main Mediterranean herbivores,
the fish Sarpa salpa (L.) and the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lmk.), remove higher amounts of intermediate and external shoot leaves, respectively. To test whether this selective feeding
can have different consequences on the allocation patterns of nutrient within plants, we simulated the effect of both herbivores
by clipping external and intermediate leaves (plus unclipped controls) of Posidonia oceanica (L.) and we measured plant tolerance in terms of shoot growth and leaf nutrient supply to new tissue using isotopic markers.
As expected, control treatments displayed high carbon and nutrient supply from external leaves (83% of the total 15N and 84% of the total 13C incorporated by the shoot). When subjected to clipping, the remaining leaves enhanced carbon and nitrogen supply compared
with the control by 16% of N and 36% of C—in the intermediate clipping—and by over 100% of N and 200% of C—in the external
clipping—to compensate for the nutrient lost. However, only in the case of fish herbivory (intermediate clipping), enhanced
supply alone was able to fully compensate for the nutrient losses. In contrast, this mechanism is not completely effective
when external leaves are clipped (urchin herbivory). Yet, the consequences of this nutrient loss under sea urchin herbivory
are not apparent from the nutrient content of the new tissue, suggesting that there are other sources of nitrogen income (uptake
or reallocation from rhizomes). Our study does not only confirm the tolerance of P. oceanica to herbivory, but also constitutes the first evidence of leaf-specific, compensatory nutrient supply in seagrasses. 相似文献
330.
Rupert Seidl Paulo M. Fernandes Teresa F. FonsecaFrançois Gillet Anna Maria JönssonKatarína Mergani?ová Sigrid NethererAlexander Arpaci Jean-Daniel BontempsHarald Bugmann Jose Ramon González-OlabarriaPetra Lasch Céline MeredieuFrancisco Moreira Mart-Jan SchelhaasFrits Mohren 《Ecological modelling》2011,222(4):903-924