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111.
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114.
Community Capacity for Implementing Clean Development Mechanism Projects Within Community Forests in Cameroon 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
There is a growing assumption that payments for environmental services including carbon sequestration and greenhouse gas emission
reduction provide an opportunity for poverty reduction and the enhancement of sustainable development within integrated natural
resource management approaches. Yet in experiential terms, community-based natural resource management implementation falls
short of expectations in many cases. In this paper, we investigate the asymmetry between community capacity and the Land Use
Land Use Change Forestry (LULUCF) provisions of the Clean Development Mechanism within community forests in Cameroon. We use
relevant aspects of the Clean Development Mechanism criteria and notions of “community capacity” to elucidate determinants
of community capacity needed for CDM implementation within community forests. The main requirements are for community capacity
to handle issues of additionality, acceptability, externalities, certification, and community organisation. These community
capacity requirements are further used to interpret empirically derived insights on two community forestry cases in Cameroon.
While local variations were observed for capacity requirements in each case, community capacity was generally found to be
insufficient for meaningful uptake and implementation of Clean Development Mechanism projects. Implications for understanding
factors that could inhibit or enhance community capacity for project development are discussed. We also include recommendations
for the wider Clean Development Mechanism/Kyoto capacity building framework. 相似文献
115.
Th. H?pner 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》1991,3(6):354-361
W?hrend eines Studien- und Beratungs-aufenthalts des Autors bei der Saudi-Arabischen Umweltbeh?rde im Juni/Juli 1991 wurde
der Zustand der Saudi-Arabischen Golfküste untersucht. Von der Kuwaitischen Grenze bis zur Insel Abu Ali sind ca. 770 km Küste
lückenlos zwischen Hoch- und Niedrigwasserlinie ver?lt. W?hrend an den energiereicheren Au?enküsten eine biologische Regeneration
erwartet werden kann, ist sie in den energiearmen Buchten nicht ohne technische Ma?nahmen denkbar. Ver?lungen gibt es au?erdem
am Meeresgrund in noch unbekanntem Ausma?. Für die Ma?nahmen wird die Notwendigkeit betont, ein Umweltqualit?tsziel festzulegen,
das in der Entwicklung zu einem Naturreservat bestehen sollte. 相似文献
116.
Anthony Boulanger Elisabeth Pinet Marielle Bouix Théodore Bouchez Alicia A. Mansour 《Waste management (New York, N.Y.)》2012,32(12):2258-2265
The goal of this study is to evaluate the impact of the inoculum to substrate ratio (I/S) on the anaerobic degradation potential of municipal solid waste (MSW). Reconstituted MSW samples were thus incubated under batch anaerobic conditions and inoculated with an increasing amount of inoculum originating from a mesophilic sludge digester. I/S tested values were 0 (no inoculum added), 0.015, 0.03, 0.06, 0.12, 0.25, 1, 2 and 4 (gVMinoculum/gVMwaste). The results indicate that the apparent maximal rate of dissolved organic carbon accumulation is reached at I/S = 0.12. Under this level, the hydrolysis process is limited by the concentration of biomass and can thus be described as first order kinetics phenomena with respect to biomass for I/S ratios below 0.12. The maximum methane production rate and the minimal latency are reached at a ratio of 2. In addition to that, both methane signature and ARISA show a shift in the methanogenic populations from hydrogenotrophic to acetoclastic. 相似文献
117.
Julien Thébault Laurent Chauvaud Jacques Clavier Renaud Fichez Eric Morize 《Marine Biology》2006,149(2):257-267
The periodicity of striae formation in the tropical scallop Comptopallium radula (Indo-West Pacific Ocean) was investigated with an in situ marking technique, using the calcein fluorochrome. To minimize scallop stress caused by excessive handling, in situ benthic chambers were used for marking experiments. Once marked, scallops (shell height range: 38.4–75.8 mm) remained on site in a large benthic enclosure and were collected at regular time intervals to count new striae formed after marking, over a period of 3 months. A 3-h exposure period with calcein (150 mg l−1) was sufficiently long to create a detectable mark in nearly all shells. It was, however, impossible to count the striae in 48.2% of the shells (mainly large specimens) because of a very small growth after marking. Lack of significant mortality during the experiments indicated that tested calcein concentrations were not lethal. A decrease in shell growth rate was observed after marking but the respective impacts of calcein toxicity and changes in environmental conditions could not be discriminated. Our results suggest that in situ calcein marking inside benthic chambers is suitable for shell growth studies of scallops, provided the latter are not too old. After marking, the juvenile C. radula formed an average of one stria every 2.1 days in summer. Reports of 2-day periodicity in biological rhythms are rare. Striae formation in C. radula may be controlled by an endogenous oscillator, synchronized by an environmental cue acting as a zeitgeber, such as seawater temperature or sea level pressure, both of which exhibit 2-day variations in the Pacific Ocean. As in many other scallop species, C. radula forms striae periodically under natural conditions, but this study shows that in pectinid juveniles, this periodicity can deviate from a daily cycle. These results suggest that C. radula shells have tremendous potential for recording environmental conditions during periods ranging from months to a few years and with a resolution of 2 days. 相似文献
118.
The notion that the physical healthcare environment can affect our mood and behavior is well established. Despite this, individual differences in sensitivity to environmental stimuli have not received much attention. With the current research showing the importance of individual differences in sensitivity towards color, these may explain the contradictory effects found in color research. Two experiments focused on differences in environmental sensitivity, measured with stimulus screening ability. In both experiments, participants were presented with a scenario describing hospitalization with appendicitis and were exposed to a photo of a hospital room. The experiments tested the effects of environmental coloring of the hospital room (green and orange, both contrasted with white as a control condition), and the moderating role of stimulus screening ability (high-screeners vs. low-screeners) on stress (study 1) and arousal (study 2), and cognitive appraisals of the room (study 2). Stress-reducing effects of green and arousal-inducing effects of orange were both more pronounced for people scoring low on stimulus screening ability than for those who are able to effectively screen out complexity in the environment (high-screeners). 相似文献
119.
Godinho RM Verburg TG Freitas MC Wolterbeek HT 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2009,157(1):102-109
This paper compares the dynamics, i.e. the rates of change in element concentrations of young and older lichen thallus parts, of one foliose and one fruticose lichen, during a transplant experiment to a polluted site. Both lichen parts respond to environmental changes. Here, differential accumulation suggests that differential constitution leads to differential uptake and release, and/or the overall behaviour is partly due to internal translocation and regulation mechanisms within the whole lichen. For thallus parts, internal translocation should be taken into account as one more factor affecting lichen “memory length”. Young parts of the thallus presented higher rates of change, but different lichen parts accumulate different elements to different extents. Therefore tissue selection in monitoring may depend on the element of interest, and cannot be made into a generalized approach in survey set-ups: the choice depends on the element. 相似文献
120.
Jennifer Neumann Magdalena Pawlik Dieter Bryniok Jorg Thöming Stefan Stolte 《Environmental science and pollution research international》2014,21(16):9495-9505
Biodegradation tests with bacteria from activated sludge revealed the probable persistence of cyano-based ionic liquid anions when these leave waste water treatment plants. A possible biological treatment using bacteria capable of biodegrading similar compounds, namely cyanide and cyano-complexes, was therefore examined. With these bacteria from the genera Cupriavidus, the ionic liquid anions B(CN)4 ?, C(CN)3 ?, N(CN)2 ? combined with alkaline cations were tested in different growth media using ion chromatography for the examination of their primary biodegradability. However, no enhanced biodegradability of the tested cyano-based ionic liquids was observed. Therefore, an in vitro enzymatic hydrolysis test was additionally run showing that all tested ionic liquid (IL) anions can be hydrolysed to their corresponding amides by nitrile hydratase, but not by nitrilase under the experimental conditions. The biological stability of the cyano-based anions is an advantage in technological application, but the occurrence of enzymes that are able to hydrolyse the parent compound gives a new perspective on future cyano-based IL anion treatment. 相似文献