北极苔原和森林地区的稳定性及脆弱性与社会和环境变化

北极苔原带和北方森林(北部地区)因其分布广阔并远离农业土地利用变化及工业发展的影响,而一度被认为是地球上最后的净土.但如今这些地区如同地球上任何别的地区一样,也正经受着环境和社会变化的影响.本文总结了北部地区在全球系统中所起的作用,并提出方案以便对导致该地区对社会和环境变化敏感的那些因子进行评价.     

放牧生态系统与尺度问题

引言 最近20年,以前许多关于非洲放牧生态系统的假设都已经被抛弃了[1～4].例如,过去一直被认为是稳定的系统,由于过度饲养和放牧而变得不再稳定了.因此,根据Hardn的著名"公共灾难"概念[5]提出了新的管理方案,并集中于改变土地使用体制与降低饲养数量相结合.但不幸的是,根据这种理念确定的放牧管理项目,几乎没有取得什么成功.     

物种承载力与环境安全

在环境承载力概念与理论的基础之上,从物种承载力的概念提出入手,探讨了物种承载力的定义、特征及其综合功能.并且从环境安全的角度切入,叙述了环境安全的提出和内涵;并主要从生物多样性、生态现代化理论等方面对物种承载力与环境安全的关系进行了分析和论述.物种承载力是对环境承载力从物种角度的深入研究和拓展,在研究环境安全方面提供一个新的角度.     

Prenatal diagnosis of congenital adrenal hyperplasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency by amniotic fluid steroid analysis

The concentration of 17OH-progesterone was measured in second trimester amniotic fluid samples from 12 mothers who previously had had an infant with congenital adrenal hyper-plasia due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency. In 4 affected pregnancies, the concentrations were more than 2 S.D. higher than those determined in 44 samples from normal pregnancies (mean ± S.D., 8·1 ± 2·4 nmol/1). The remaining 8 pregnancies were predicted to be unaffected based on the results of amniotic fluid concentrations within the normal range. In each instance, the infant was normal. The results indicate that measurement of amniotic fluid 17OH-progester-one concentrations during the second trimester is an accurate prenatal test for 21-hydroxylase deficiency. The results should be supplemented with determination of fetal sex by karyotype analysis on the amniotic fluid cells.     

Leachate characteristics,dry matter yield of Urochloa decumbens and properties of two contrasting soils irrigated with sludgewater in columns

Increasing demands on freshwater and challenges in disposal of wastewaters encourage their use for irrigation. The study evaluated the effects of irrigation of signal grass (Urochloa decumbens) with sludgewater on leaching, uptake and retention of a range of elements in two contrasting soils in columns. The grass was grown on a sandy loam and a clay soil packed in plastic columns and irrigated for 119 days with either undiluted, diluted sludgewater or tap water. The sludgewater had a pH of 6.9 and high aluminum (Al), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), and boron (B). Analyses were conducted on leachates, above-ground plant biomass (two harvests), and soils at the end of the experiment. Sludgewater treatments increased grass biomass yield and uptake of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), potassium (K), and magnesium (Mg) in both soils with a greater nutrient uptake from the clay than the sandy loam. The application of sludgewater increased Mn and reduced P (sandy loam only) in the leachate with no effects on Al, Fe, or B. Uptake of Al, Fe, and B was increased by sludgewater application. Even when diluted, the sludgewater increased extractable Mn, particularly in the clay soil. The findings showed that irrigation of the soils with sludgewater increased Mn and B concentrations and uptake by signal grass, with no negative effects on biomass production. Leaching and accumulation in the soils of toxic elements were minimal in the short term. Sludgewater can therefore be used to grow signal grass in both soils although these effects need to be evaluated under field conditions.     

The role of rhizofiltration and allelopathy on the removal of cyanobacteria in a continuous flow system

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - A continuous flow filtration system was designed to identify and quantify the removal mechanisms of Cyanobacteria (Microcystis aeruginosa) by...     

Energetics of mixing for the filling box and the emptying-filling box

The mixing efficiency of a plume in a filling box and an emptying-filling box is calculated for both transient and steady states. The mixing efficiency of a plume in a filling box in an asymptotic state is 1/2, independent of the details of this state or how the plume is modelled. The mixing efficiency of a plume in an emptying-filling box in steady state is \(1 - \xi \), where \(\xi = h/H\), the depth of the ambient layer h normalised by the height of the box H. A deeper mixed layer therefore corresponds to a higher mixing efficiency. These results shed light on the interpretation of mixing efficiencies of open and closed systems.

     

吐鲁番市历史文化遗址环境生态敏感性综合分析

针对历史文化资源保护的迫切需求利用高精度的地形数据和生态环境调查资料在GIS技术的支持下进行了历史文化遗址环境生态敏感性评价。以吐鲁番市区的历史文化遗址环境生态敏感性问题为研究对象选取高程等9个敏感性因子,利用层次分析法(AHP)确定敏感性因子权重结合GIS空间分析技术得到吐鲁番市区历史文化遗址环境生态敏感性结果。结果表明:吐鲁番市区历史文化遗址的生态敏感性总体较高,区域差异比较明显。国家级遗址和自治区级遗址都处在高度敏感状态,县市级遗址处在中度敏感状态,急需加强保护。最后提出分类保护措施为今后生态防范措施的针对性提供科学依据。     

中国北方某流域不同污染源污染贡献分析研究

研究了中国北方某流域不同污染源的污染贡献,结果表明：COD贡献量点源为719.21 t,农业面源污染为7 488.02 t,农业面源污染是该流域水环境污染的主要来源.农业面源污染物等标污染负荷总量为8 359.44×106 m3/a.不同污染源污染贡献比例：农田化肥占49.24％、畜禽养殖占35.10％、农村生活占14.69％、农作物秸秆仅占0.97％.污染物贡献量比例.TN占56.46％、TP占39.06％、COD仅占4.48％.     

Determination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in human urine with mass selective detection.

Method development and validation studies have been completed on an assay that will allow the determination of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in human urine. The accurate determination of 2,4-D in urine is an important factor in monitoring worker and population exposure. These studies successfully validated a method for the detection of 2,4-D in urine at a limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 5.00 ppb (parts per billion) using gas chromatography with mass selective detection (GC/MSD). The first study involved the determination of 2,4-D in control human urine and urine samples fortified with 2,4-D. Due to chromatographic interference, a second study was conducted using 14C-2,4-D to verify the recoverability of 2,4-D from human urine at low levels using the GC/MSD method. The second study supports the results of the original data. The 2,4-D was extracted from human urine using a procedure involving hydrolysis using potassium hydroxide, followed by a liquid-liquid extraction into methylene chloride. The extracted samples were derivatized with diazomethane. The methylated fraction was analyzed by GC/MSD. Quantitation was made by comparison to methylated reference standards of 2,4-D. Aliquots fortified at 5-, 50-, and 500-ppb levels were analyzed. The overall mean recovery for all fortified samples was 90.3% with a relative standard deviation of 14.31%.