生态水利研究的理论基础与重点领域

生态水利是近些年来涌现出的新兴学科研究领域.论文结合国内外相关研究进展和国家重大需求,总结了生态水利的概念内涵和学科发展特点,从系统理论、二元结构和安全边界角度阐释了生态水利研究的理论基础.在此基础上,进一步从水与生态系统的相互作用、水利工程的长期生态效应、河湖连通与湿地水系网络构建、受损生态系统的恢复、生态需水与生态...     

溴氰菊酯对中华绒螯蟹的毒性作用和组织病理研究

为探讨溴氰菊酯对中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)的毒性影响,采用换水式渔药毒性试验的方法进行了溴氰菊酯对河蟹急性毒性实验和慢性毒性作用下组织病理的研究。结果表明：溴氰菊酯对河蟹24 h、48 h、72 h和96 h半致死浓度(LC50)分别为2.127 μg·L-1、1.380 μg·L-1、1.153 μg·L-1和0.905 μg·L-1,安全浓度(SC)为0.0905 μg·L-1,溴氰菊酯对河蟹的毒性为剧毒;河蟹在溴氰菊酯浓度为0.005~0.32 μg·L-1的慢性毒性作用下,分别于第7、14和21天进行鳃、肝胰腺、心脏、肠、肌肉组织和神经团的组织病理观察,鳃出现鳃小叶水肿、渗出物增加、萎缩到鳃腔闭合出现细胞坏死,肝胰腺的部分肝胰腺管中肝胰腺细胞空泡变性、坏死和肝胰腺管基膜崩解,心脏出现水肿,部分心肌纤维横纹模糊和消失到局部心肌纤维坏死,肠黏膜层柱状上皮细胞从空泡变性、部分坏死到较多上皮细胞坏死崩解脱落入肠腔,肌肉组织和神经团无组织病理变化现象。最早出现不可逆的坏死组织病理变化是在第14天的0.005 μg·L-1浓度组,肝胰腺细胞坏死,此时即使去除溴氰菊酯的毒性作用,坏死已不能恢复。通过与河蟹水瘪子病组织病理的比较分析,溴氰菊酯毒性作用下的河蟹具有独特的组织病理变化特点。     

聚苯乙烯微塑料长期暴露对海水青鳉(Oryzias melastig-ma)亲代生长、繁殖及子代发育的影响

微塑料污染是近年来受到国际社会广泛关注的海洋环境问题之一,由微塑料造成的生态和人类健康风险不容小觑,但微塑料对鱼类的长期危害目前尚无定论.为评估微塑料颗粒对海洋鱼类的长期影响,选取塑料生产和环境中常见的聚苯乙烯(polystyrene,PS)为研究对象,对海水青鳉(Oryzias melastigma)60 dph(days post hatching,dph)幼鱼进行了为期50 d的长期暴露,系统研究PS暴露对海水青鳉亲代的生长、繁殖和子代胚胎发育等的影响.结果显示,在粒径为10μm、浓度为1×104 parti-cles·L-1和1×105 particles·L-1暴露条件下,PS处理组亲代体长和体质量的改变与对照组相比无显著差异,PS暴露未显著影响亲代性成熟进程和受精过程;PS暴露未显著影响子代胚胎心率和孵化时间,但能显著降低子代孵化率,造成胚胎发育畸形.上述结果表明,PS长期暴露对亲代生长和繁殖未产生明显影响,但对子代的胚胎发育具有不利影响,研究结果为科学评估海洋微塑料污染的生态风险提供了重要参考.     

Effects of previous drying of sediment on root functional traits and rhizoperformance of emerged macrophytes

• Sediment desiccation alters morphological characteristics of aquatic sediment. • Alternation in morphological properties of sediment limiting root characteristics. • Fibrous-rooted macrophytes root properties extra favor nutrients removal. • Thick-rooted macrophytes exhibit higher life-span in two sediment types. Purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of constantly wet and dried-rewetted sediments on root functional traits of emerged macrophytes and their nutrients removal abilities. It is based on the hypothesis that root characteristics and nutrients removal abilities of plants will be altered in the course of sediment desiccation. Four emerged macrophytes including two fibrous-root plants (Canna indica and Acorus calamus) and two thick-root plants (Alocasia cucullata and Aglaonema commutatum) were investigated for their root functional traits and rhizoperformance in both wet and dried-rewetted sediments. Results showed that sediment desiccation followed by rewetting substantially altered the root functional traits (root surface area, radial oxygen loss, and root activity) of plants due to adverse changes in morphological characteristics (porosity, bulk density, particle density) of dried-rewetted sediments than by wet sediments. Consequently, limited plants growth and removal of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) were recorded in dried-rewetted sediments and their pore water than in wet sediments. Radial oxygen loss from plant roots correlated positively with root functional traits, plants growth, and removal of N, P and DOC from pore water and sediment in both sediment types. Among the macrophyte species, the fibrous-root plants having advantages root functional traits, greatly influenced the rhizospheric conditions (pH, dissolved oxygen and redox potential), and demonstrated higher N, P and DOC reduction from both sediment types. While, the thick-rooted plants with thick diameter roots (D > 1 mm) and higher rhizome exhibited longer life-span in both sediment types.     

硫酸盐侵蚀作用下混凝土细观破损机理研究

随着智能配电网的建设,FTU的调试与消缺工作逐渐增多,对配电网自动化的日常运维.带来了严重的负担,对此,研制出了1套多功能接口模拟断路器进行工作流程优化,并通过标准化和现场测试进行效果检验。检验结果表明该装置能够大幅提高FTU相关工作效率,优化.FTU相关作业流程;减少高处作业时间,保证作业人员安全;减少作业停电时间和停电范围,保证了供电可靠性。     

磁性粒子/介孔碳的合成及其吸附性能

以介孔分子筛SBA-15为模板,采用三氯化铁和蔗糖同步浇铸的方法,利用纳米刻蚀技术合成了Fe-Fe3O4磁性纳米粒子/介孔碳复合体(简称磁性粒子/介孔碳)。XRD分析和高分辨透射电子显微镜表征结果表明,磁性粒子/介孔碳中含有强磁性粒子——Fe3O4和α-Fe。在初始罗丹明B质量浓度为200 mg/L的溶液中加入于碳化温度为800 oC下制得的磁性粒子/介孔碳1 mg/L,吸附190 min后,平衡吸附量为329 mg/g。吸附后的磁性粒子/介孔碳在乙醇中的脱附率可达93.7%。通过外加磁场可将吸附后的磁性粒子/介孔碳与溶液分离。     

四湖地区涝渍地农用土地适宜性评价

分析了四湖地区土地利用现状,其宜农耕地最多,作物种类繁多,耕作制度也多样,水域面积大,可养殖面积占水域的一半以上,其养殖潜力很大;宜林、宜放牧土地少;后备土地资源较少。土地利用的主要障碍因子是水文与排水。存在的主要问题是：土地利用的产出效率低;种植业结构欠合理;掠夺式经营,土壤肥力减退,污染加重;滥占耕地现象日趋严重;过渡围湖造田导致生态恶化。同时,从气候等方面分析了四湖地区涝渍特征,又着重对现有六种主要种植制度作了简要的适宜性评价。据此,按照系统工程整体性、关联性、有序性的原则,对未来该地区农业总体发展走向、土地利用规划给予了展望。四湖地区农业总体发展走向应是：稳定发展种植业,突破性地发展水产养殖业与畜牧业、积极发展林果业,有重点地发展农副产品加工业。在土地利用规划上,应根据低丘岗地、沿江高亢平地、湖烷洼地、河湖水域等不同地形地貌分异,进行合理布局。并提出了相关对策。     

Carbon storage in northeast China as estimated from vegetation and soil inventories

We have estimated the stocks of carbon in vegetation and soil in northeast China based on data for 122 plots from the fourth national forest inventory, and for 388 soil profiles from the second national soil survey. The techniques of Geographic Information System (GIS) have been used to extrapolate site-specific estimates of vegetation and soil organic carbon to the entire area of northeast China. Our estimate indicates that the amount of carbon in vegetation and soil for the region are 2.81 PgC (10(15) g C) and 26.43 PgC, respectively, and that the area weighted average density of vegetation and soil organic carbon are 22.7 MgC/ha and 212.7 MgC/ha, respectively. The eastern and northern parts of the region show much higher carbon storage than the rest of the region. Substantial spatial variations in vegetation and soil organic carbon across northeast China suggest that regional estimates on carbon stocks and fluxes should take into account these spatial variations. We suggest that the methodology developed can be used for the entire nation of China as well as other regions of the world.     

被动式爆炸抑制技术

对近年来国外发展的水袋墙爆炸抑制技术、金属蜂窝填充材料爆炸抑制技术、非金属填充材料爆炸抑制技术以及涂层抗爆技术的应用情况作了介绍,分析其工作原理,在此基础上对这些技术进行了综合对比.