嘉兴市环境库兹涅茨曲线特征分析

环境库兹涅茨曲线(EKC)暗含了对经济增长和环境之间的发展战略。运用EKC理论模型,对嘉兴市工业"三废"排放量与人均GDP之间关系进行分析,发现工业废水、工业废气、工业固体废弃物排放量与人均GDP之间的关系分别为N型、倒U型左侧上升阶段、倒U型左侧接近拐点,表明嘉兴市经济增长还处在加重环境负担的阶段,还未实现环境与经济的协调发展。引起工业废水、工业废气排放量居高不下的原因分别是嘉兴市产业结构特点和能源结构特点。建议优化产业结构,调整能源结构,推进循环经济发展,争取早日跨越环境库兹涅茨曲线拐点,实现环境经济的协调发展。     

Public Attitudes Towards Policy Instruments for Congestion Mitigation in Shanghai

Congestion causes many externalities for the society, including time delays, excessive fuel consumption, air pollution, noise and safety concerns. In Shanghai, various policy options have been explored, piloted or applied; however, not all of them may be understood and accepted by the public. A survey was conducted to investigate people＇s attitudes towards several policy options. The main findings reveal that Shanghai residents are resistant to certain policies, such as congestion charges, higher parking charges in congested areas and car restrictions. Instead, they favor public transport provisions. The paper suggests that there is a case for promoting public transport and more efficient trips when the car ownership is still low, and for investing in a policy of educating the public on the ＇true＇ costs and causes of congestion before embarking on ,an intensive policy of congestion charges or restrictions.     

The impact of urban land expansion on soil quality in rapidly urbanizing regions in China: Kunshan as a case study

At a stage of rapid economic development and urbanization in China, most cities are faced with serious problems caused by environment deterioration such as pollution, space press, afforestation degradation, and disordering. Kunshan City, one of the most economically vigorous regions in China, has suffered a more prominent conflict between urbanization and environmental safety. In this paper, urban land expansion in Kunshan City in the Yangtze River Delta was measured with reference to the Landsat data recorded in 1982, 1991, 1995, and 2003 and change in land-use pattern in 1981, 1991, 1995, and 2004 as well as that in nutrients in soils of different purposes between the periods were analyzed to study the effect of urban land-use expansion on soil characteristics. To get a better understanding of soil nutrients, heavy metal content, and pollution, on-the-spot investigation, sampling and laboratory analysis were all conducted, and the geo-accumulation factors and revised Nemerow comprehensive index method were adopted for evaluation of the findings. The results show that the content of organic matter, total nitrogen, rapidly available nitrogen, and available phosphorus in the soil (except available potassium) all increased, and the average content of As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni, Hg, Se, and Zn prove to be 8.61, 0.12, 83.53, 32.49, 29.93, 30.45, 0.27, 0.24, and 93.3 mg kg⁻¹, respectively, showing degradation in soil quality.     

城市小区分散式污水生态处理

本文针对目前我国城市集中式污水处理方法的弊端,提出将小型人工湿地运用于城市小区的污水处理,实现环境目标与经济效益的结合。     

可持续发展与地球表层的进化

包括非生物、生物和人的地球表层巨系统,是人的生存环境,它是进化发展的。人类社会只有认识并遵守地球表层的进化规律,才能达到可持续发展的目标。     

Air quality impact of the coal-fired power plants in the northern passageway of the China West-East Power Transmission Project

This paper analyzes the air quality impacts of coal-fired power plants in the northern passageway of the West-East Power Transmission Project in China. A three-layer Lagrangian model called ATMOS, was used to simulate the spatial distribution of incremental sulfur dioxide (SO2) and coarse particulate matter (PM10) concentrations under different emission control scenarios. In the year 2005, the emissions from planned power plants mainly affected the air quality of Shanxi, Shaanxi, the common boundary of Inner Mongolia and Shanxi, and the area around the boundary between Inner Mongolia and Ningxia. In these areas, the annually averaged incremental SO2 and PM10 concentrations exceed 2 and 2.5 microg/m3, respectively. The maximum increases of the annually averaged SO2 and PM10 concentrations are 8.3 and 7.2 microg/m3, respectively, which occur around Hancheng city, near the boundary of the Shaanxi and Shanxi provinces. After integrated control measures are considered, the maximum increases of annually averaged SO2 and PM10 concentrations fall to 4.9 and 4 microg/m3, respectively. In the year 2010, the areas affected by planned power plants are mainly North Shaanxi, North Ningxia, and Northwest Shanxi. The maximum increases of the annually averaged SO2 and PM10, concentrations are, respectively, 6.3 and 5.6 microg/m3, occurring in Northwest Shanxi, which decline to 4.4 and 4.1 microg/m3 after the control measures are implemented. The results showed that the proposed power plants mainly affect the air quality of the region where the power plants are built, with little impact on East China where the electricity will be used. The influences of planned power plants on air quality will be decreased greatly by implementing integrated control measures.     

高炉出铁场高温烟尘扩散与捕集特性模拟

高炉出铁场在出铁过程中产生的高温烟尘污染范围广、时间长、阵发性强。高温铁水上方的气流运动为热羽流,受通风气流影响极大,现有除尘罩设计方法无法有效解决高温烟尘的污染问题。针对我国中小型高炉出铁场厂房形式及出铁特点,建立了出铁场厂房内的两相流动模型及高温烟尘扩散与捕集过程的数值模拟方法。模拟发现,高炉前方的气流上升速度先增加后减小,形成了典型的受限空间热羽流。由于出铁口除尘罩与高炉间存在间隙,在抽吸作用下,底部气流在高炉壁面产生向上的高速气流,使除尘罩对高炉间的气流不具有捕集作用。因屋顶通风量较自然通风少2/3,在仅设屋顶通风除尘时,带走的热量减少,使厂房内温度整体偏高。加设出铁口除尘罩后,厂房整体温度明显降低。出铁口除尘罩对颗粒物的整体捕集率可以达到89.66%,但主沟前方颗粒物大量逃逸,捕集率仅为47.71%,铁水沟后方释放的颗粒物距除尘罩较远,捕集率为86.34%,造成的污染范围较大,是目前出铁场作业环境质量不达标的主要原因。     

高效除砷分子筛新型材料制备及其吸附特性研究

为提高4A分子筛(MS)对水溶液中砷的吸附性能,以MS为载体,采用浸渍法制备载铁分子筛(FMS)和铁锰分子筛(FMMS)作为除砷吸附剂,利用扫描电镜(SEM)、傅里叶红外光谱(FT-IR)、比表面积测试法(BET)等手段对MS和FMS微观结构特点进行表征,并开展批次试验考察FMS和FMMS对水中五价砷(As5+)和三价砷(As3+)的吸附效果,对FMS吸附As5+过程进行吸附动力学、等温吸附试验和吸附热力学等拟合.结果表明:①铁盐浸渍改性能有效提高MS比表面积、改善其表面结构,改性后FMS是一种窄孔径、尺寸均匀的介孔材料,比表面积和孔体积分别从27.38 m2/g和0.068 cm3/g增至281.25 m2/g和0.16 cm3/g,平均孔径由9.93 nm减至2.21 nm;MS微观结构由密实粗糙颗粒转变为疏松多孔隙结构.②FT-IR表明,铁盐浸渍形成的铁氧化物主要与MS结构中O—H、Al—O和Si—O结合;批次试验设定ρ(As5+)为4 mg/L,与MS相比FMS对As5+的去除率约提高70%.③吸附动力学结果显示,FMS对As5+的吸附过程符合准二级动力学模型,相关系数(R2)达0.99,反应过程中化学吸附起主要作用.④等温吸附试验表明,FMS对As5+吸附过程与Freundlich等温吸附模型拟合程度较高,相关系数(R2)达0.98,计算最大吸附容量为9.9 mg/g.⑤热力学参数ΔG、ΔH和ΔS计算表明,温度升高有利于FMS吸附砷,反应过程中FMS表面固体与溶液的混乱度上升.⑥与FMS相比,FMMS对As3+吸附性能有效提高,ρ(As3+/As5+)(As3+与As5+共存条件下溶液质量浓度)分别为2.0、4.0、6.0 mg/L下,FMMS去除率分别约提高26.34%、28.06%和28.09%.研究显示,利用铁盐浸渍法对MS改性可有效提升其对As5+和As3+的吸附容量,发挥材料的实际运用价值.      

海上溢油回收技术研究及发展

论述了厌氧-好氧(A/O)工艺的基本原理及工艺参数。该工艺在冀东油田两座废水处理站的应用结果表明,对废水中石油类物质、COD、硫化物去除效果明显。高一联合站及柳一联合站污水经处理后,石油类物质去除率分别为90.6%和96.0%;COD去除率分别为86.0%和91.6%;硫化物去除率分别为94.8%和98.2%,处理后的污水均达到一级排放标准。另外,采用厌氧-好氧工艺的成本相对较低,处理费用低于0.5元/m3。处理后的污水若回注地下,平均费用为4.7元/m3。     

Organic contamination in the Great Wall bay,Antarctica in austral summer

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