Application of proteomics in environmental science

Proteomics involves the separation of proteins, identification of the amino acid sequence of the interested or target proteins, study of the function of the proteins, modification, structure and ultimate assignments to functional pathways in the cell. The proteomic investigations have contributed greatly to human diseases studies, new drugs discovery researches, and environmental science in recent years. This article provides a review on the development of the main proteomic technologies, including both the gel based and non-gel based technologies, and their applications in environmental science. Proteomic technologies have been utilized in the environmental stresses studies to analyze the induction or reduction of proteins at expression level and identify the target proteins to investigate their function in response to environmental stresses, such as high or low pH, oxidation stress, and toxic chemicals. Such protein responses are also helpful to understand the mechanisms of some cellular activities and the functions of some proteins.     

西部开发应坚持可持续发展战略

本文分析了西部地生态环境问题产生的原因,提出了西部生态环境建设的总体思路和战略设想,进一步指出西部不同地区要因地制宜,采取不同的生态环境经济策略,才能在大开发中,实现可持续发展。     

铝灰酸溶法制备聚合氯化铝

以铝灰为原料采用酸溶法制备了聚合氯化铝（PAC）,并通过正交实验优化了PAC制备的最佳工艺参数,并考察了自制PAC对废水COD的去除效果。制备PAC的最佳工艺条件为：m（铝灰）∶V（HCl）∶V（H₂O）=10∶20∶40,反应温度85℃,反应时间2.5h,搅拌转速80r/min,熟化时间30h,熟化温度60℃。采用生石灰可高效、经济地调节产品的盐基度,且产品在处理印染废水时COD去除率达64.7%,高于市售同类产品。     

Degradation of a Terephthalate-containing Polyester by Thermophilic Actinomycetes and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Bacillus</Emphasis> Species Derived from Composts

We intended to find thermophilic degraders of terephthalate-containing Biomax^® films. Films in mesh bags were buried in composts (inside temperature: approximately 55–60 °C), resulting in the degradation of them in 2 weeks. Fluorescent microscopy of films recovered from composts showed that microorganisms gradually covered the surface of a film during composting. DGGE analysis of microorganisms on the composted film indicated the presence of Bacillus species as main species (approximately 80% of microbial flora) and actinomycetes (approximately 10–20%) as the second major flora. Isolation of Biomax^®-utilizing bacteria was focused on these two genera: two actinomycetes and one Bacillus species were isolated as pure best degraders from the composted polymer films, which were fragmented into small pieces. All the strains were thermophilic and identified, based on their 16S rDNA analyses. Degradation of polymer films was confirmed by (1) accelerated fragmentation of films in composts, compared with a control (no inoculum) and resultant decrease in molecular weights, (2) growth in a powdered Biomax^® medium, compared with a control without powdered Biomax^®, and (3) production of terephthalate in a powdered Biomax^® medium. In this way, we concluded that these bacteria were useful for degradation of thermostable Biomax^® products.     

基于灰色关联模型对陕西省O3浓度影响因素分析

O_3污染问题已经成为21世纪另一个环境课题.本次研究采用克里金插值法对2015年陕西省O_3浓度的空间分布特征进行分析,同时构建了O_3浓度的影响指标体系,运用灰色关联模型,综合分析了O_3浓度与其影响指标因子的关联度,并探讨了各指标因子综合关联度的空间关联性和分异性.结果显示:(1)陕西省O_3浓度呈"北高南低"的空间分布特征;(2)权重最大的指标层是O_3污染来源(W_i=0.4331),其次是城市化与产业结构(W_i=0.3455),空气质量与自然因子最小(W_i=0.2215);(3)各个指标因子与O_3浓度关联度均为强度关联.空气质量与自然因子中,关联度较高的指标因子为CO、降水量、平均气温、日照时数;O_3污染来源中,关联度较高的指标因子为等级公路里程、单位GDP能耗及工业用电量;城市化与产业结构中,关联度较高的指标因子为第二产业占地区总产值的比例、建成区绿地覆盖率和人均公园绿地面积;(4)O_3污染来源对铜川、宝鸡、汉中等市O_3浓度的影响较大;城市化与产业结构对宝鸡、咸阳、渭南、汉中等市的影响较大;空气质量与自然因子与陕西省各个城市O_3浓度的关联度均为强度关联;(5)空气质量与自然因子中,CO、PM_(2.5)、日照时数与O_3浓度综合关联度较高.O_3污染来源指标层中为机动车保有量、餐饮总额、烟(粉)尘排放量.城市化与产业结构中则是房屋建筑施工面积、建成区面积、人口密度.影响O_3浓度的主要指标因子表现出较好的空间相关性与空间分异性.综合分析表明,灰色关联度模型能够有效地对O_3浓度的主要影响因素作出分析与评价.     

北方深水河流岸边带底栖动物采集方法比较研究

深水河流底栖动物的采集比较复杂,采集结果与客观实际往往存在较大的差异,通过2012年-2015年对黑龙江、松花江和乌苏里江等11个断面15个点位的调查、监测,取得81组有效数据,利用统计学方法总结、研究,发现同一采样点不同方法之间的物种数、群落组成和评价结果均存在显著的差异,建议深水河流在应用底栖动物开展水生态评价时,应结合采样点的实际情况,尽量采用多种方法进行底栖动物的采集,合并统计的数据更能准确的代表采集点位的客观情况,是客观、准确评价水生态环境状况的前提.     

金昌镍铜矿区植物的重金属含量特征与先锋植物筛选

论文研究了西北荒漠的金昌镍铜矿区植物重金属特征, 并初步筛选了植被重建的可用物种 资源。该次调查共记录了32 种高等植物, 分属30 属14 科, 调查区域的物种数为: 露天矿(20 种)>新 尾砂库坝(13 种)>露天矿周边(8 种)>老尾砂库坝(6 种)>老尾砂库(5 种)。优势物种主要为: 砂蓝刺头、 中亚紫菀木、弯茎还羊参、乳苣、芦苇、针茅属、骆驼蓬、泡泡刺、角果藜。砂蓝刺头、弯茎还羊参、乳 苣、芦苇和密叶锦鸡儿适宜作荒漠矿区植被重建的先锋植物, 而种植针茅属和角果藜可用于西北荒 漠的矿区土地重金属污染治理。矿区植物的地上部平均Cu 含量最高, 为52.9mg/kg。植物地上部Ni 含量为5.1～155.6mg/kg, 平均含量为39.1mg/kg。角果藜地上部Ni 和Cu 含量是所有植物中最高 的, 分别为155.6 和239.0mg/kg。回归分析发现, Ni 与Cu 密切相关, Cu 含量越高, Ni 的富集和累积 Ni 量也越高。     

A VUV photoionization mass spectrometric study on the OH-initiated photooxidation of isoprene with synchrotron radiation

The gas-phase organic compounds resulting from OH-initiated photooxidation of isoprene have been investigated on-line by VUV photoionization mass spectrometry based on synchrotron radiation for the first time. The photoionization efficiency curves of the corresponding gaseous products as well as the chosen standards have been deduced by gating the interested peaks in the photoionization mass spectra while scanning the photon energy simultaneously, which permits the identification of the pivotal gaseous products of the photooxidation of isoprene, such as formaldehyde (10.84 eV), formic acid (11.38 eV), acetone (9.68 eV), glyoxal (9.84 eV), acetic acid (10.75 eV), methacrolein (9.91 eV), and methyl vinyl ketone (9.66 eV). Proposed reaction mechanisms leading to the formation of these key products were discussed, which were completely consistent with the previous works of different groups. The capability of synchrotron radiation photoionization mass spectrometry to directly identify the chemical composition of the gaseous products in a simulation chamber has been demonstrated, and its potential application in related studies of atmospheric oxidation of ambient volatile organic compounds is anticipated.     

附着态TiO_2光降解可溶性染料的研究

研究了以黄砂为载体、TiO2为催化剂，在铁离子存在的条件下．以直管高压汞灯为光源．用模拟工业浅池的光反应器，对有机染料酸性玫瑰红B和晒化绿B进行光催化降解的可行性。结果表明，在实验条件下，本系统对以上染料有显著的光降解作用。浓度为25mg／L．的上述2种染料溶液，经30min光照，其降解率分别达92．4％和91．3％。此外，还探讨了铁离子浓度、染料浓度、染料体积、染料溶液pH值等因素对光降解的影响。     

铁炭微电解法降解1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐的研究

1-丁基-3-甲基咪唑四氟硼酸盐([BMIM]BF4)是一种常用的离子液体,被越来越多地应用于精细化学品及药物的合成。由于其对水生生物有毒性的影响且难于生物降解,提出了采用铁炭微电解法来降解[BMIM]BF4,并探讨了影响处理效果的主要因素、工艺条件及其反应动力学。结果表明,影响铁炭微电解降解[BMIM]BF4的因素按从小到大的顺序为:炭铁比、反应时间、pH;铁炭微电解降解[BMIM]BF4的最佳工艺条件是:铁粉用量3 g/L、水样pH2.5、炭铁比2、反应时间为60~90 min;在此条件下,[BMIM]BF的去除率可以达到80%以上,且该降解反应为二级反应。