天津污灌区耕作土壤中多环芳烃的纵向分布

研究了天津污灌区土壤剖面中多环芳烃含量的分布特征，几个代表性样点的研究表明，天津市郊水稻田中PAHs含量最高，菜地含量居次，高粱地含量最低。PAHs总含量在土壤剖面的纵向分布总体上是随着土壤剖面的加深而降低。由于长期污水的淹灌作用，水稻田中PAHs含量出现了局部异常高值。用萘(Nap)、菲(Phe)和苯并[a]芘(Bap)作为高低环组分的代表物质分析PAHs在土壤剖面的分布规律，发现Nap、Phe和Bap的含量在纵向剖面上变化趋势基本相同，总体上含量随着剖面的加深而降低。比较单个组分含量在土壤剖面中的变化，在犁底层以下，Bap的含量基本上低于检测限，而Nap的含量在整个土壤剖面中均高于Bap。PAHs含量在土壤剖面上的分布主要受其物理化学性质、土壤中有机碳和粘粒含量的影响。     

调角器支架的冲压工艺及模具设计

调角器支架是一种结构不对称、形状复杂而精度要求较高的冲压件.对制件成形过程中的应力、应变特点进行了分析,介绍了冲压工艺中采取的措施及模具结构特点.     

BiPO_4-BiVO_4复合光催化剂的制备及其光催化性能

采用水热法制备了BiPO_4-BiVO_4复合光催化剂,运用XRD,SEM,UV-Vis DRS技术对其进行了表征,并以亚甲基蓝为目标降解物考察了复合光催化剂在模拟太阳光下的光催化性能。实验结果表明:当BiPO_4与BiVO_4的摩尔比(磷钒比)为2∶8时BiPO_4-BiVO_4的光催化性能最优,光照180 min时对亚甲基蓝(初始质量浓度5mg/L)的降解率达96.20%,反应速率常数为0.018 1 min-1,明显优于单纯BiPO_4和BiVO_4。表征结果显示:单斜相的BiPO_4与BiVO_4晶粒实现了复合生长,BiPO_4-BiVO_4(磷钒比2∶8)的晶粒粒径比单纯BiPO_4和BiVO_4小;复合光催化剂在紫外光和可见光区均具有较好的光响应,且其禁带宽度较BiPO_4明显减小。     

设计火灾时火灾热释放速率曲线的确定

在运用火灾计算机模型进行建筑物性能化消防设计与评估时,确定合理、切合实际的火灾的热释放速率曲线非常重要。基于当前国内外的研究现状,本文提出了几种符合当前技术水平且实用的确定火灾热释放速率曲线的方法,对于每种分析计算方法及其适用条件进行了详细阐述,并给出了相关的计算实例。     

煤矿瓦斯爆炸主要原因的试验研究

利用长径比为7,横截面积为1m~2,一端开口的7m~3的爆炸试验装置,停放成下斜、水平和上倾状态,模拟一段煤巷道的走向。用和瓦斯气具有相同比重的天然气作为试验的可燃气体,在上述试验装置内进行了一系列爆炸试验。试验结果证明了:煤矿向下倾斜的巷道对瓦斯气的自洁作用可保证不集存大量瓦斯气,是安全的;水平走向的巷道在有合适的通风情况下也是安全的;向上倾斜的巷道有集存瓦斯气的自恶化作用,会造成较强的爆炸。     

欧洲的恶臭污染法规及测试技术进展

欧洲城市中人口密度的增加导致了严重的恶臭污染,几百年来,各种有关恶臭污染的法规相继出台。在过去的30年中,恶臭测试方法有所发展,人们不再轻信环境健康工作者的主观判断,而是将恶臭测试推向定量化的轨道。根据恶臭排放测试,扩散模式以及恶臭标准(以定量恶臭性质的影响研究为基础,确定恶臭污染的可忍受程度),荷兰率先推动了恶臭量化管理趋势。恶臭标准根据各行业的恶臭污染的具体程度制定。嗅觉计测试臭气浓度是一项可靠的技术,目前已经写入欧洲标准(EN13725:2003),将嗅觉计测试法和日本的三点式比较臭袋法进行比较,发现结果具有显著的一致性。嗅辨员的严格筛选也是促成其一致性的关键因素。     

Fate of the herbicide metolachlor in aerobic and anaerobic soils

The fate of the herbicide metolachlor in aerobic and anaerobic soils with repeated applications of the metolachlor over a period of 5 years was studied. After 12 weeks incubation, cumulative 14CO2 evolution from the soil accounts for 8.01% in aerobic condition versus 1.5% of 14CO2 in the soil had not been treated with metolachlor. The total 14C recovery in the methanol-water extract and in the non-extractable portion of this aerobic soil accounted for 73.1% and the total metolachlor recovery in the methanol-water extract was 46.7% but 86.9% of 14C was accounted for in the γ-irradiated control soil. There axe no differences in the recovery of 14C between non-sterile and γ-irradiated control soil under anaerobic conditions. The results show that there was some active metolachlor-degrading population in the Virginia soil which had been previously received repeated applications of the metolachlor but only under aerobic condition.     

土壤和地下水中污染物迁移模型研究进展

国内外学者已建立了多种模型来描述污染物在土壤和地下水中的环境行为。要选择一个合适的模型在实际中成功地应用,或建立一个新的模型,必须掌握和了解污染物迁移模型的研究现状。文章评述了现有的模型,并对模型的结构作了一定的阐述。     

Determination of haloacetic acids in hospital effuent after chlorination by ion chromatography

The ion chromatography combined solid phase extraction (SPE) method was developed for the analysis of low concentration haloacetic acids (HAAs), a class of disinfection by-products formed from chlorination of hospital wastewater. The monitored HAAs included monochloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, dibromoacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid. The method employed a sodium hydroxide eluent at a flow rate of 0.8 mlmin, electrolytically generated gradients, and suppressed conductivity detection. To analyze the HAAs in real hospital wastewater samples, C18 pretreatment cartridge was utilized to reduce samples' turbidity. Preconcentration with SPE and matrix elimination with treatment cartridges were investigated and found to be able to obtain acceptable detection limits. Linearity, repeatability and detection limits of the above method were evaluated. The detection limits of monobromoacetic acid and dibromoacetic acid were 2.61 μgL and 1.30 μgL, respectively, and the other three acids are ranging from 0.48 to 0.82 μgL under 25-fold preconcentration. When the above optimization procedure was applied to three hospital wastewater samples with different treatment processes in Tianjin, it was found that the dichloroacetic acid was the major compound, and the growth ratios of the HAAs after disinfection by sodium hypochlorite were 91.28%, 63.61% and 79.50%, respectively.     

4种替代植物对黄顶菊入侵土壤养分和酶活性的影响

入侵植物对土壤环境的影响是植物竞争取胜的重要生态策略之一,而选择合适的植物可以替代控制和抵御外来植物的入侵。比较了高丹草、向日葵、紫花苜蓿和多年生黑麦草4种植物与黄顶菊单种和混种后不同时期的土壤养分和土壤酶活性变化规律。结果表明：（1）黄顶菊单独种植根区土壤NH4＋-N、NO3-N含量均显著低于紫花苜蓿和黄顶菊混种群落,其有效磷含量显著低于高丹草和黄顶菊混种群落;（2）紫花苜蓿和黄顶菊混种群落土壤脲酶、磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性均显著高于黄顶菊单种群落。因此,在本试验条件下,高丹草、紫花苜蓿对土壤氮素转化利用能力比黄顶菊高,且能竞争性抑制黄顶菊对土壤磷素的吸收,利于实现对黄顶菊的替代控制。