磷酸钕共沉淀选择性分离富集-原子吸收测定环境水样中痕量铅

研究提出了用磷酸钕(NdPO4)作为共沉淀捕集剂分离富集环境水样中的痕量Pb2 ,用火焰原子吸收光谱(FAAS)测定的方法.共沉淀受pH、NdCl3和H3PO4溶液用量的影响.结果显示,在溶液pH为3.2时,20 mL水样中加入5 mg/L NdCl3 2 mL、0.5 mol/L H3PO4 3 mL条件下,铅的加标回收率为96.6%～104.2%,方法的检测限为5.7×10-3 mg/L,水体中常见碱金属、碱土金属离子及阴离子在一定范围内不影响测定.     

垃圾焚烧过程中水分促燃脱氯效果的研究

分别在转式垃圾焚烧炉和固定床加热炉中，研究了水分对垃圾焚烧及钙基脱氯效果的影响。研究结果表明，垃圾焚烧过程中一定量水分的存在能促进垃圾焚烧效率，提高钙基氯剂的脱氯效率。同时，分析水分促进垃圾焚烧率和脱氯效果提高的原因，这是由于水分能强化焚烧过程的传质传热，能活化脱氯剂，改善脱氯剂的物理和化学性质，这些研究结果将为垃圾焚烧技术在我国的进一步推广提供科学依据。     

复合型除尘器除尘脱硫一体化工艺实验研究

试验研究了专利产品“高压静电滤槽复合型卧式除尘器”的除尘脱硫一体化工艺。试验表明，在布袋前方的末级电场中实行半干法脱硫工艺具有可行性，可达到除尘脱硫一体化目的。试验同时研究了钙硫比、脱硫灰循环率、饱和温距、喷水量和SO2浓度等对脱硫率的影响。该工艺适用于以低硫煤为燃料的锅炉进行除尘脱硫。     

Synergistic solubilization of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by mixed anionic-nonionic surfactants

Water solubility enhancements of naphthalene (Naph), acenaphthylene (Acen), anthracene (An), phenanthrene (Phen) and pyrene (Py) by micellar solutions of single and mixed anionic-nonionic surfactants were measured and compared. Effects of typical inorganic ions, such as NH(4)(+), Na(+) and Mg(2+) coexisted with the organic pollutants (in soils) on water solubilities of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the presence of single and mixed surfactants were also investigated. Solubilities of PAHs in water are greatly enhanced in a linear fashion by each of Triton X-100 (TX100), Triton X-305 (TX305), Brij 35, and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). Solubility enhancement efficiencies of surfactants above the critical micelle concentration (CMC) follow the order of TX100>Brij 35>TX305>SDS. PAHs are solubilized synergistically in mixed anionic-nonionic surfactant solutions, especially at low surfactant concentrations. The synergistic power of the mixed surfactants is SDS-TX305>SDS-Brij 35>SDS-TX100. Synergistic effect of a given mixed-surfactant solution on different PAHs also appears to be linearly related to the solute logK(ow). The noted synergism for the mixed surfactants is attributed to the formation of mixed micelles, the lower CMC of the mixed-surfactant solutions, and the increase of the solute's molar solubilization ratio or micellar partition coefficients (K(mc)) because of the lower polarity of the mixed micelles. Suitable quantity of inorganic cations can enhance the solubilization capacities of anionic-nonionic mixed surfactants, the effect being Mg(2+)>NH(4)(+)>Na(+). The water solubility of pyrene was slightly increased by anthracene and significantly increased by 1,2,3-TCB in the presence of SDS-Brij 35. Mixed surfactants may improve the performance of surfactant-enhanced remediation of soils and sediments by decreasing the applied surfactant level and thus the remediation cost.     

大气颗粒物上多环芳烃的识别和源解析的进展

本文对当前大气颗粒物上ＰＡＨｓ的识别和源解析的定量及定性和半定量的方法进行了综述，定性及半定量方法简便易行，但误差大；化学质量平衡法结果较准确具体，但ＰＡＨｓ会发生化学反应而降解，并且没有各种燃烧源较完整的ＰＡＨｓ成份谱，这已成为ＣＭＢ广泛推行的障碍；多元统计方法不考虑ＰＡＨｓ的降解，但要求数据量大，国内外的科学工作者用不同的方法和手段，使ＰＡＨｓ来源的识别和源解析工作有了一定进展。     

城市室内环境多环芳烃污染与源的相关性

本实验选择了天津市４类典型室内环境和２处室外对照点，共１９个采样点。现场采样测定了１０种ＰＡＨｓ组成含量。结果显示，室内燃煤和室内吸烟是室内环境中多环芳烃排放的主要污染源。同作为对照的室外大气中多环芳烃组成和含量进行了对比，研究了室内环境不同污染源排放多环芳烃组成和含量的特征性。提出了室内燃煤污染同燃煤型室外大气源排放多环芳烃具有相似组成含量特征，而室内烟草烟雾污染源的多环芳烃组成含量特征则与室外     

溶剂气浮分离法的基础研究

本文研究了待分离物呈表面活性物系（甲基橙－十六烷基氯化吡啶、十六烷基氯化吡啶）和呈疏水性物系（铜－二乙基二硫代氨基甲酸钠、镍－丁二酮肟）的溶液气浮变化规律。红外光谱分析表明，分离效率的高低与有机相和气浮分离物相互作用的强弱不相关。通过高速摄影及计算证明，水相和有机相两相界面间的稳定的气泡层存在，它一方面使待分离物质在水相中的停留时间在大增加，另一方面又保护了已捕集的待分离物质，从而增加了气泡吸附总     

CTMAB-膨润土吸附水中有机物的性能及应用

本文用溴化十六烷基三甲铵(CTMAB)-改性膨润土,研究了CTMAB-膨润土吸附水中α-萘胺、β-萘胺、α-萘酚、硝基苯和苯胺的性能和适宜条件.结果表明,CTMAB-膨润土对水中有机物的吸附能力与CTMAB在膨润土上的实际交换量有关,也与作用方式和有机物辛醇-水分配系数有关.CTMAB-膨润土对五种有机物的去除率顺序为:α-萘胺、β-萘胺、α-萘酚>硝基苯>苯胺.     

Characteristics of mass distributions of aerosol particle and its inorganic water-soluble ions in summer over a suburb farmland in Beijing

Agricultural activity is one of the most important sources of aerosol particles. To understand the mass distribution and sources of aerosol particles and their inorganic water-soluble ions in a suburb farmland of Beijing, particle samples were collected using a microorifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI) in the summer of 2004 in a suburb vegetable field. The distribution of the particles and their inorganic water-soluble ions in the diameter range of 0.18–18 μm were measured. The dominant fine particle ions were SO₄ ^2?, NO₃ ^?, and NH₄ ⁺. The association of day-to-day variation of the concentration of these ions with temperature, humidity, and solar radiation suggested that they are formed by the reaction of NH₃ released from the vegetable field with the acid species produced from photochemical reactions. Fine particle K⁺ is likely from vegetation emission and biomass burning. Coarse particles like Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, NO₃ ^?, and SO₄ ^2? are suggested to come from the mechanical process by which the soil particle entered the atmosphere, and from the reaction of the acid species at the surface of the soil particle. The results show that fertilizer and soil are important factors determining the aerosol particle over agricultural fields, and vegetable fields in suburban Beijing contribute significantly to the aerosol particle.     

南岳森林群落生物多样性研究(Ⅴ)上封寺森林群落植物物种多样性测定

本文根据对南岳上封寺森林群落野外实地考察以及研究结果,选用了24个有代表性的物种多样性测定公式,并采用重要值、株数或鲜重、优势度或盖度作为测度指标对南岳上封寺森林群落植物物种多样性进行了研究。结果表明,南岳上封寺森林群落植物物种多样性水平较高,但又低于南岳广济寺。此外,不同测度指标对物种多样性指数的结果并无明显的规律性变化。