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841.
Petros Kokkinos Hera Karayanni Alexandra Meziti Ria Feidaki Spyros Paparrodopoulos Apostolos Vantarakis 《Food and environmental virology》2018,10(3):316-326
The virological quality of surface marine and running water samples collected from Igoumenitsa gulf and Kalamas river (NW Greece) was assessed from October 2012 to September 2013. Sampling sites were exposed to different land and/or anthropogenic effects. Seawater samples were collected monthly from five sampling stations (new harbor, old harbor, wastewater treatment plant outlet, protected Natura area, Drepano beach). Viral targets included human adenoviruses (hAdVs), as index human viruses, while noroviruses (NoVs) and hepatitis A virus (HAV) were also studied. Kalamas river samples were collected seasonally, from three sampling stations (Soulopoulo, Dam, Sagiada-estuaries), while viral targets included also porcine adenoviruses (pAdVs) and bovine polyoma viruses (bPyVs), as additional index viruses. All water samples were analyzed for standard bacterial indicators, as well. Physicochemical and meteorological data were also collected. Based on the standard bacterial indices, both sea and river water samples did not exceed the limits set according to Directive 2006/7/EU. However, positive samples for hAdVs were found occasionally in all sampling sites in Igoumenitsa gulf (23.3%, 14/60) showing fecal contamination of human origin. Moreover, HAV was detected once, in the sampling site of the old port (at 510 GC/L). Most of the Kalamas water samples were found positive for hAdVs (58.3%, 7/12), while human noroviruses GI (NoVGI) (8.3%, 1/12) and GII (NoVGII) (16.7%, 2/12) were also detected. HAV, pAdVs, and bovine polyomaviruses (bPyVs) were not detected in any of the analyzed samples. No statistically significant correlations were found between classic bacterial indicators and viral targets, nor between viruses and meteorological data. Overall, the present study contributed to the collection of useful data for the biomonitoring of the region, and the assessment of the overall impact of anthropogenic activities. It provided also valuable information for the evaluation of the risk of waterborne viral infections and the protection of public health. It was the first virological study in the area and one of the few in Greece. 相似文献
842.
Agnieszka Rupnik Sinéad Keaveney Leon Devilly Francis Butler William Doré 《Food and environmental virology》2018,10(3):288-296
Oysters contaminated with norovirus present a significant public health risk when consumed raw. In this study, norovirus genome copy concentrations were determined in Pacific oysters (Magallana gigas) harvested from a sewage-impacted production site and then subjected to site-specific management procedures. These procedures consisted of relocation of oysters to an alternative production area during the norovirus high-risk winter periods (November to March) followed by an extended depuration (self-purification) under controlled temperature conditions. Significant differences in norovirus RNA concentrations were demonstrated at each point in the management process. Thirty-one percent of oyster samples from the main harvest area (Site 1) contained norovirus concentrations >?500 genome copies/g and 29% contained norovirus concentrations <?100 genome copies/g. By contrast, no oyster sample from the alternative harvest area (Site 2) or following depuration contained norovirus concentrations >?500 genome copies/g. In addition, 60 and 88% of oysters samples contained norovirus concentrations <?100 genome copies/g in oysters sampled from Site 2 and following depuration, respectively. These data demonstrate that site-specific management processes, supported by norovirus monitoring, can be an effective strategy to reduce, but not eliminate, consumer exposure to norovirus genome copies. 相似文献
843.
Nobuo Mimura Kazuya Yasuhara Seiki Kawagoe Hiromune Yokoki So Kazama 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2011,16(7):803-818
The Tohoku region, Northeast Japan, was hit by a gigantic earthquake which occurred in the Pacific close to Tohoku, and subsequently
by a giant tsunami. These hazards have caused huge damage on the eastern coast Japan. The earthquake’s magnitude was 9.0,
the strongest ever recorded in Japan. The tsunami was also historical as its run-up height reached over 39 m. As of early
May, 2011, over 24 thousand people were reported as dead or missing. Moreover, serious accidents at the Fukushima Nuclear
Power Plants No.1 were caused by the effects of the tsunami. Therefore, the damage faced by Japanese people can be seen as
a giant composite disaster. Although Japan, and the northeast of Japan in particular, has over a long time period increased
its preparedness against earthquakes and tsunamis, huge damage still occurred. This paper considers why this tragedy occurred,
and what unrecognized factors contributed to the high vulnerability of the area. To assist in answering such questions, this
paper presents a timely report of the features of the earthquake and tsunami, the damage they caused, and the early efforts
for recovery and reconstruction. 相似文献
844.
Amireeta K. Rawlani Benjamin K. Sovacool 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2011,16(8):845-863
This article explores the drivers, benefits, and challenges to climate change adaptation in Bangladesh. It specifically investigates
the “Community Based Adaptation to Climate Change through Coastal Afforestation Program,” a 5-year $5 million adaptation scheme
being funded and implemented in part by the Government of Bangladesh, United Nations Development Program, and Global Environment
Facility. The article explores how the CBACC-CA builds various types of adaptive capacity in Bangladesh and the extent its
design and implementation offers lessons for other adaptation programs around the world. The first part of the study begins
by describing its research methods consisting of research interviews, site visits, and a literature review. It then summarizes
six primary sectors vulnerable to climate change in Bangladesh: water resources and coastal zones, infrastructure and human
settlements, agriculture and food security, forestry and biodiversity, fisheries, and human health. The article next describes
the genesis and background behind the CBACC-CA, with an emphasis on components that promote capacity development, demonstration
projects, risk reduction, and knowledge management. The article concludes that technology by itself is only a partial component
of successful adaptation efforts, and that multiple and integrated adaptation measures that cut across sectors and social,
institutional, and infrastructural dimensions are needed to truly build resilience and effectiveness. 相似文献
845.
Samson Wakuma Abaya Nicodemus Mandere Mandere Niclas Winqvist 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2011,16(5):585-596
A proactive strategy to respond effectively to health impacts related to climate variability, particularly within vulnerable
populations, is of vital importance. Such a strategy can be attained if health officials have a deep understanding of how
climate variability affects human health and if the resources available for the health care sector are sufficient. This study
assessed the perceptions and preparedness of health officials toward climate variability and health impacts in the Somali
region of Ethiopia. The resources available for the health care sector were also assessed. The results show that approximately
80% of health officials were aware of the relationship between climate variability and human health impacts, but the majority
of them were unable to project the future trend of related health problems in the region. The results also show an inadequate
availability of health care resources, particularly in regards to infrastructure, numbers of health professionals, and training
on climate variability and health. The results further revealed problems with poor living conditions, such as access to sanitation
and safe water, for the majority of people in the study area. Climate variability is thus one of the many factors exacerbating
the increasing trend of human health problems in the Somali region. Besides improving training to increase health officials’
knowledge of climate variability and human health impacts, the government should also address other factors that currently
hinder a successful response to increasing disease prevalence. 相似文献
846.
Lu Y Beeman RW Campbell JF Park Y Aikins MJ Mori K Akasaka K Tamogami S Phillips TW 《Die Naturwissenschaften》2011,98(9):755-761
We report that the abdominal epidermis and associated tissues are the predominant sources of male-produced pheromones in the
red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum and, for the first time, describe the stereoisomeric composition of the natural blend of isomers of the aggregation pheromone
4,8-dimethyldecanal (DMD) in this important pest species. Quantitative analyses via gas chromatography–mass spectrometry showed
that the average amount of DMD released daily by single feeding males of T. castaneum was 878 ± 72 ng (SE). Analysis of different body parts identified the abdominal epidermis as the major source of aggregation
pheromone; the thorax was a minor source, while no DMD was detectable in the head. No internal organs or obvious male-specific
glands were associated with pheromone deposition. Complete separation of all four stereoisomers of DMD was achieved following
oxidation to the corresponding acid, derivatization with (1R, 2R)- and (1S, 2S)-2-(anthracene-2,3-dicarboximido)cyclohexanol to diastereomeric esters, and their separation on reversed-phase high-performance
liquid chromatography at −54°C. Analysis of the hexane eluate from Porapak-Q-collected volatiles from feeding males revealed
the presence of all four isomers (4R,8R)/(4R,8S)/(4S,8R)/(4S,8S) at a ratio of approximately 4:4:1:1. A walking orientation bioassay in a wind tunnel with various blends of the four synthetic
isomers further indicated that the attractive potency of the reconstituted natural blend of 4:4:1:1 was equivalent to that
of the natural pheromone and greater than that of the 1:1 blend of (4R,8R)/(4R,8S) used in commercial lures. 相似文献
847.
上海城市表土磁性特征对重金属污染的指示作用 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
选取上海市城市表土作为研究对象,结合磁学方法与传统化学方法,研究了上海市192件表土样品的磁性特征和重金属含量,并探讨了磁学参数指示重金属污染的可行性.结果表明,上海市表土磁化率平均值为187.66×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1),亚铁磁性矿物占主导地位,颗粒较粗.上海市表土重金属Zn、Pb、Cu、Cr、Ni、Mn、Fe含量均超过背景值,属于轻度污染.重金属和磁学参数(磁化率、饱和等温剩磁)具有相似的空间分布,高值集中在宝山区和闵行区,低值集中在崇明区.工业生产和交通活动是上海市表土重金属、磁性矿物的主要来源.磁化率χlf指示污染负荷指数的半定量结果为:χlf38.90×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)时,土壤属于清洁状态,无污染;38.90×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)≤χlf258.69×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)时,土壤遭受轻度污染;258.69×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)≤χlf793.45×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)时,土壤遭受中度污染;χlf≥793.45×10~(-8)m~3·kg~(-1)时,土壤遭受重度污染.因此,磁学参数对城市表土重金属污染有着一定的指示意义. 相似文献
848.
Darryn McEvoy Piotr Matczak Ilona Banaszak Adam Chorynski 《Mitigation and Adaptation Strategies for Global Change》2010,15(7):779-795
Whilst mitigation has dominated policy and research agendas in recent years there is an increasing recognition that communities also need to be preparing for change that is unavoidable, partially a consequence of anthropogenic greenhouse gases already emitted to the atmosphere. The perceived need for adaptation has also received additional impetus through the high public profile now given to the impacts of current day weather variability, particularly the significant economic and social costs associated with recent extreme events. However, being a relatively new focus for both research and policy communities; practical evidence of the extent, feasibility, efficiency, and cost effectiveness of potential adaptation options remains largely lacking. In response, this paper seeks to make a contribution to this embryonic but evolving knowledge base by considering the theoretical underpinnings of adaptation and ultimately how this translates into practice ‘in the real world’. The analytical commentary, based on a bottom-up approach involving iterative engagement with key stakeholders and experts, reflects on the identification of measures that are either innovative or examples of good practice in reducing or transferring climate risks, as well as considering those ‘enabling’ institutional structures and processes that act to support implementation on the ground. The paper concludes by synthesising the key findings to date in order to highlight some of the opportunities for, and barriers to, adaptation activity. 相似文献
849.
Sperm competition is thought to be an important selective pressure shaping sperm form and function. However, few studies have
moved beyond gross examinations of sperm morphology. Sperm length is subject to sexual selection via sperm competition in
the scarab beetle Onthophagus taurus. Here, the structure and ultrastructure of spermatozoa in this species were investigated using light and electron microscopy.
Spermatozoa were found to be filiform, measuring about 1,200 mm in length. The sperm head consists of a three-layered acrosome
and a nuclear region bearing the anterior extension of the centriole adjunct. Acrosome and nuclear regions are bilaterally
symmetric, with their axes of symmetry being orthogonal to each other. Head and flagellar structures are connected by a well-developed
centriole adjunct. The sperm heads are asymmetrically surrounded by accessory material and embedded into the cytoplasm of
the spermatocyst cell. The accessory material is produced inside the spermatids and then transferred to the outside due to
a new membrane formed around the sperm’s organelles. The old spermatid membrane separates the accessory material from the
cyst cell. The flagellum contains a 9+9+2 axoneme, two accessory bodies, and two mitochondrial derivatives of unequal size.
The major mitochondrial derivative is significantly larger than the minor one. The axoneme is arranged in a sinusoidal manner
parallel along the major mitochondrial derivative. The spermatozoa show no progressive motility when released in buffer solution
which is likely to be the result of the flagellar arrangement and the structure of the major mitochondrial derivative. The
cross-sectional area of the minor and the major mitochondrial derivatives show different patterns of genetic variation. The
data provide the first estimates of genetic variation in sperm ultrastructure for any species, and give evidence for the persistence
of genetic variation in ultrastructure required for the rapid and divergent evolution that characterizes spermatozoa generally. 相似文献
850.
管杰 《安全.健康和环境》2014,14(8):1-3
通过将HAZOP与LOPA结合分析的具体事例,阐述了单一的HAZOP分析可能存在的缺陷,同时介绍了将HAZOP与LOPA结合进行HAZOPLOPA分析的优点。 相似文献