纤铁矿微生物异化还原过程的动力学特征及其影响因素

基于脱色希瓦氏菌(Shewanella decolorationis S12)和纤铁矿相互作用的现象,探讨了电子供体、纤铁矿浓度及氧化还原中介体2-磺酸钠蒽醌(AQS)对其相互作用的影响.结果表明,AQS的加入使纤铁矿的微生物还原程度得到加强.反应末期,乳酸钠浓度为20mmol.L-1时,在添加AQS的10.0mmol.L-1的纤铁矿体系中,被还原解离出的Fe(Ⅱ)浓度是无AQS体系中的180.2%.纤铁矿的归一化还原速率表明,当电子供体浓度一定时,随着纤铁矿浓度的增加,纤铁矿的还原酶促反应显著减弱.米氏拟合方程表明,以不同浓度的纤铁矿为底物时,S12菌-纤铁矿相互作用过程的拟合校正R2系数分别为0.8285(添加AQS)和0.9348(未添加AQS),电子转移载体的存在及底物类型的不同均对底物饱和时的反应速度(Vmax)和米氏常数(Km)值均有一定程度的影响.在微生物还原纤铁矿过程中,氧化还原中介体AQS使得其还原程度加剧,用于ATP合成所需能量ΔE值也随之升高,S12菌和纤铁矿的还原反应达到平衡时,Gibbs自由能变化(ΔGr)达最大值.     

Amperometric hydrogen peroxide biosensor based on immobilization of DNA-Cu(II) in DNA/chitosan polyion complex membrane

DNA/chitosan polyion complex membrane was used as a support for immobilization of electrocatalytic species-copper ions, which specifically bound to dsDNA and catalyzed the hydrogen peroxide reduction. The polyion complex membrane consisted with DNA-Cu(II) complex and chitosan was prepared on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE). Electrochemical measurements of the DNA-Cu(II)/chitosan membrane-modified GCE revealed that the copper ion embedded in the DNA/chitosan layer exhibited good electrochemical behaviors. The DNA-Cu(II)/chitosan/GC electrode showed an excellent electrocatalytic activity for the H₂O₂ reduction. Even in the presence of dissolved oxygen, the sensor exhibited highly sensitive and rapid (response time, about 6 s) response to H₂O₂. The steady-state cathodic current responses of the sensor obtained at ?0.2 V versus Ag/AgCl in air-saturated 100 mmol/L phosphate buffer (pH 5.0) increased linearly up to 10 mmol/L with the detection limit of 3 μmol/L. Effects of applied potential and buffer pH upon the response currents of the sensor were investigated for an optimum analytical performance. Ascorbic acid and glucose almost have no interference to measurement of H₂O₂. In addition, the sensor exhibited good reproducibility.     

Antioxidant effect of lignite humic acids and its salts on the thermo-oxidative stability/degradation of polyvinyl alcohol blends

We demonstrate the antioxidant potential of humic acids in (green) polymer chemistry. Lignite humic acids and its sodium and ammonium salts were mixed at different concentrations with polyvinyl alcohol and thermogravimetry was used to assess the influence on the thermo-oxidative stability of resulted blends. Both protonized form and ammonium salt of humic acids caused increased stability of investigated polymers in the studied concentration range (0.5–10% of humic acids in polymer). In contrast to protonized form, the ammonium salt also showed moderating effect on polymer degradation kinetics. Sodium salts caused substantially lower stabilizing effect and presence of 10% of humic matter caused even destabilization. In all cases, however, when the degradation has already started, the presence of humic acids and its salts caused more intensive polymer decomposition, which resulted in lower weight of char.     

MOE法在土壤侵蚀危险评价中的应用

影响土壤侵蚀的因索很多,有自然因素(如地形、植被、土壤、降雨等)和人为因素,这些因素中既有量化指标如坡度、降雨等自然因素,也有土地利用、土壤母质等不可量化的指标.这些因素的共同作用,使得单纯在GIS下利用叠加的方法对土壤侵蚀潜在危险进行判别带来一定的困难(如人为因素的最化问题等).多标准评价法(Multi-Criteria Evaluation,MCE)可以将难以量化的指标进行量化处理,并综合考虑多种囚素埘口标的影响,通过加权线性合并及布尔叠加的方法,在众多因素或是相互矛盾的客观实际中确定一种折中的优化方案,来对目标作出客观的评价.主要介绍了多标准评价法的概念及其方法原理,并以江西兴国县为例,介绍了该方法在土壤侵蚀评价中的实现过程.在土壤侵蚀评价因子的选用上,先取了植被指数(LAI)、土地利用、坡度、土壤母质、高程、道路、降雨及人口密度八个因子,根据实际情况确定单个因子在不同指标水平下可能造成的潜在土壤侵蚀危险等级;然后将因子组成矩阵,通过两两比较,来判断各因子的权重;把权重与相应的因子图相乘得到带权重值因子的栅格图,这些栅格图再进行统一的标准化处理,最后将标准化处理的栅格图通过叠加生成潜在侵蚀危险分布图.结果表明,兴国县大部分是微度侵蚀危险地区,呈连片分布,中、低度侵蚀危险主要分布在平原及沟谷地带,呈零星态,二者呈相互交错.微度危险、低度危险及中度危险区域分别占兴国县总面积的37.9%、29.2%及30.4%.三者之和为97.5%,高侵蚀危险及极高侵蚀危险的面积只占2.5%,且呈零星分布.这与兴国县的土壤侵蚀分布现状基本一致,多标准评价法应用在土壤侵蚀危险评价上是切实可行的.     

织物特性对聚苯硫醚滤料动态过滤性能的影响

选用四种不同织物构造的聚苯硫醚覆膜滤料、超细纤维面层滤料、异形纤维面层滤料和常规滤料,采用氧化铝标准粉尘Pural NF在VDI测试装置进行除尘滤料冷动态除尘性能测试。通过对实验数据的分析得到:织物特性对滤料阻力有较大影响,虽然清洁阶段覆膜滤料阻力最大,接近200 Pa,但稳定和老化阶段阻力最小,仅有300 Pa,而常规滤料阻力在稳定阶段最大,高达790 Pa;织物特性的差异对滤料平均清灰周期也有较大影响,覆膜滤料、超细纤维层滤料、三叶纤维层滤料和常规滤料清洁阶段滤料的平均清灰周期分别为380,241,223,177 s,其他阶段滤料清灰周期长短顺序与清洁阶段相同,覆膜滤料清灰周期最长,寿命也最长;织物特性的不同对滤料过滤效率也有一定的影响,超细滤料、覆膜滤料、三叶形滤料和常规滤料清洁阶段过滤效率达到99.9%以上,穿透率分别为0.0261%、0.004%、0.0321%、0.0322%;稳定阶段的过滤效率除常规滤料外都可以达到99.99%以上,穿透率分别为0.0027%、0.0003%、0.0014%和0.4765%。     

Ecotoxicological effect of zinc oxide nanoparticles on soil microorganisms

The widespread production and use of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) in recent years have posed potential threat to the ecosystem. This study aimed to investigate the ecotoxicological effect of ZnO-NPs on soil microorganisms using laboratory microcosm test. Respiration, ammonification, dehydrogenase (DH) activity, and fluorescent diacetate hydrolase (FDAH) activity were used as ecotoxicological parameters. The results showed that in the neutral soil treated with 1 mg ZnO-NPs per g soil (fresh, neutral), ammonification was significantly inhibited during the study period of three months, but the inhibition rate decreased over increasing time. Inhibition in respiration was observed in the first month of the test. In various ZnO-NPs treatments (1 mg, 5 mg, and 10 mg ZnO-NPs per g soil), DH activity and FDAH activity were inhibited during the study period of one month. For both enzyme activities, there were positive dose–response relationships between the concentration of ZnO-NPs and the inhibition rates, but the curves changed over time due to changes of ZnO-NPs toxicity. Soil type affected the toxicity of ZnO-NPs in soil. The toxicity was highest in the acid soil, followed by the neutral soil. The toxicity was relatively low in the alkaline soil. The toxicity was not accounted for by the Zn²⁺ released from the ZnO-NPs. Direct interaction of ZnO-NPs with biologic targets might be one of the reasons. The adverse effect of ZnO-NPs on soil microorganisms in neutral and acid soils is worthy of attention.     

Fates and partitioning of heavy metals in municipal solid waste incineration process

The fate and partitioning of heavy metals (including Hg, Cd, Pb, Zn, As, Cr, Ni, and Cu) from MSW incinerators located in Taiwan were determined. Results of stack sampling indicate that most Hg and As (more than 80%) exists in the gas phase while other metals partition differently among bottom ash, fly ash, and flue gases. Removal efficiencies of existing air pollution control devices for Hg and As are lower (about 70%) than other metals. Bottom ash contains higher concentration of Cd compared with European incinerators. In addition, strong enrichment of Cd on fly ash particles is observed.     

中国地区大气汞沉降速度研究

借助箱模式对汞的干沉降过程进行敏感性分析,并利用区域大气环境模式系统Reg AEMS计算中国地区汞干沉降速度的时空分布特征。结果表明,森林下垫面下三类汞(气态零价汞、活性气态汞和颗粒态汞)的干沉降速度较大(0.13、4.5和0.45 cm·s-1),水体表面上的相对较小(0.0012,0.5和0.11 cm·s-1)。敏感性分析发现,三类汞的干沉降速度随着近地层风速增加;降水或者地表湿度降低会导致零价汞和活性气态汞干沉降速度增加;雪盖厚度会减小气态零价汞的干沉降速度而增加活性气态汞的干沉降速度。三类汞的干沉降速度在区域上分布类似,东北以及南部地区最高,华东地区最小。季节变化上,气态零价汞、活性气态汞的干沉降速度在多数下垫面都夏季最大,冬季最小;颗粒态汞季节变化不明显。     

氯苯类化合物的生物降解

氯苯类生物降解机制可分为三类:氧化脱氯、还原脱氯和共代谢.氯苯类的氯化脱氯机制基本遵循一个相似的降解途径,即首先在双氯化酶攻击下形成二醇,此二醇脱氢形成氯代邻二酚.邻二酚开环产物是相应的氯化粘康酸,脱氯过程发生在此粘康酸内酯化过程中和内酯开环后;还原脱氯需要多种微生物共同参与,脱氯途径很不一样,这与不同微生物种群和不同的环境条件有关;共代谢作用降低了氯苯类化合物的生物毒性,使其更易为别的微生物同化.     

Frontier science and challenges on offshore carbon storage

● The main direct seal up carbon options and challenges are reviewed. ● Ocean-based CO₂ replacement for CH₄/oil exploitation is presented. ● Scale-advantage of offshore CCS hub is discussed. Carbon capture and storage (CCS) technology is an imperative, strategic, and constitutive method to considerably reduce anthropogenic CO₂ emissions and alleviate climate change issues. The ocean is the largest active carbon bank and an essential energy source on the Earth’s surface. Compared to oceanic nature-based carbon dioxide removal (CDR), carbon capture from point sources with ocean storage is more appropriate for solving short-term climate change problems. This review focuses on the recent state-of-the-art developments in offshore carbon storage. It first discusses the current status and development prospects of CCS, associated with the challenges and uncertainties of oceanic nature-based CDR. The second section outlines the mechanisms, sites, advantages, and ecologic hazards of direct offshore CO₂ injection. The third section emphasizes the mechanisms, schemes, influencing factors, and recovery efficiency of ocean-based CO₂-CH₄ replacement and CO₂-enhanced oil recovery are reviewed. In addition, this review discusses the economic aspects of offshore CCS and the preponderance of offshore CCS hubs. Finally, the upsides, limitations, and prospects for further investigation of offshore CO₂ storage are presented.