水力停留时间对反应沉淀一体化反应器中半亚硝化反应的影响

由于反应沉淀一体化反应器的HRT与SRT不同,因此HRT是否会影响反应器中氮的存在状态,亚硝态氮积累是否能实现尚无明确结论。针对以上问题,研究不同水力停留时间对反应沉淀一体化反应器中半亚硝化反应的影响,研究结果表明：反应器运行虽然运行过程中无污泥流失,但仍可实现亚硝酸盐的积累,出水亚硝态氮和氨氮的浓度比例受水力停留时间的影响。HRT为24 h时,亚硝酸盐积累率可达到70%,但出水氨氮接近于0,很难满足ANAMMOX 的进水要求;HRT为16 h和12 h时,亚硝酸盐积累率均可超过80%,出水氨氮和亚硝态氮的比例分别达到1.39：1和1.46：1,可为后续ANAMMOX反应提供良好进水条件。水力停留时间对污泥亚硝化潜力的影响为12 h>16 h>24 h,对硝化潜力的影响为24 h>16 h>12 h。不同水力停留时间下氨氧化速率和亚硝酸盐氧化速率均为24 h>16 h>12 h。     

Reaction of silver nanoparticles in the disinfection process

This study investigated the dissolution, aggregation, and reaction kinetics of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with the three types of water disinfectants (ultraviolet, sodium hypochlorite, and ozone) under the different conditions of pH, ionic strength, or humic acid (HA). The physicochemical changes of AgNPs were measured by using UV–Vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer. The results showed that when AgNPs contacted the disinfectants, oxidative dissolution was the primary reaction. In addition, the reaction kinetics studies revealed that the reaction rate of AgNPs with disinfectants was significantly influenced by different disinfectants along with different pH and the presence of sodium nitrate and HA. Our research demonstrated the potential effect of disinfectants on AgNPs, which will improve our understanding of the fate of AgNPs in the disinfection processes in the water and wastewater treatment plant.     

A review of membrane fouling in municipal secondary effluent reclamation

Reclamation of municipal secondary effluent for non-potable purposes is considered vital in alleviating the demand for existing limited water supplies while helping to protect remaining water sources from being polluted. In recent decades, reverse osmosis and nanofiltration membrane technologies have become increasingly attractive for reclamation of municipal secondary effluent because they are highly efficient, easy to operate, and economical. However, membrane fouling is a major obstacle in the development of membrane technology in municipal secondary effluent reclamation. This paper reviews three types of membrane fouling in municipal secondary effluent reclamation, namely, effluent organic matter (EfOM) membrane fouling, microbial membrane fouling, and inorganic membrane fouling, as well as their correlation. Membrane fouling by EfOM and microbes are found to be severe, and they are significantly correlated. Most previous studies conducted laboratory-scale experiments of membrane fouling with model organic matters and bacteria, but these model organic matters and bacteria might still be unrepresentative. More studies on membrane fouling in municipal secondary effluent reclamation with actual wastewater are essential.     

北京道路尘负荷分布及对大气环境影响

以北京平原地区铺装道路为研究对象,利用车载移动监测系统于2019年四季选择4个周期开展了道路尘负荷监测,分析数值分布及对大气环境影响.结果表明,道路频率在不同道路尘负荷范围内呈极显著的幂律分布,4个周期道路尘负荷小提琴图形状相似,存在部分道路数值显著高于其它道路.差道路与最清洁道路数值可相差100倍以上.各季节至少25%的道路数值在0.37 g·m^-2以内,至少50%的道路数值在0.64 g·m^-2以内,至少75%的道路数值在1.25 g·m^-2以内.核心区、中心城区、郊区、通州区道路尘负荷依次增大,且均呈现春季最高秋季最低的特征,城六区冬季高于夏季,郊区夏季高于冬季.核心区整体较低,通州区北部高值较多.道路尘负荷越高的道路类型,数据离散程度也越大.随着道路扬尘管控力度的加大,不同类型道路的尘负荷差距减小.道路扬尘排放量核心区占全市3%,中心城区占23%,郊区占74%(其中通州区13%).排放强度为核心区、中心城区、环路、国道等交通活动密集的区域高,而这些区域或道路的尘负荷低.典型道路PM2.5影响距离主要在下风向1 k...     

Adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid and 4-chloro-2-metylphenoxyacetic acid onto activated carbons derived from various lignocellulosic materials

Adsorption of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and 4-chloro-2-metylphenoxyacetic acid (MCPA) from aqueous solution onto activated carbons derived from various lignocellulosic materials including willow, miscanthus, flax, and hemp shives was investigated. The adsorption kinetic data were analyzed using two kinetic models: the pseudo-first order and pseudo-second order equations. The adsorption kinetics of both herbicides was better represented by the pseudo-second order model. The adsorption isotherms of 2,4-D and MCPA on the activated carbons were analyzed using the Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. The equilibrium data followed the Langmuir isotherm. The effect of pH on the adsorption was also studied. The results showed that the activated carbons prepared from the lignocellulosic materials are efficient adsorbents for the removal of 2,4-D and MCPA from aqueous solutions.     

Photocatalytic decomposition of methanol over La/TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> materials

Lanthanum-modified TiO₂ photocatalysts (0.2–1.5 wt% La) were investigated in the methanol decomposition in an aqueous solution. The photocatalysts were prepared by the common sol-gel method followed by calcination. The structural (X-ray diffraction, Raman, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy), textural (N₂ physisorption), and optical properties (diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, photoelectrochemical measurements) of all synthetized nanomaterials were correlated with photocatalytic activity. Both pure TiO₂ and La-doped TiO₂ photocatalysts proved higher yields of hydrogen in comparison to photolysis. The photocatalyst with optimal amount of lanthanum (0.2 wt% La) showed almost two times higher amount of hydrogen produced at the same time as in the presence of pure TiO₂. The photocatalytic activity increased with both increasing photocurrent response and decreasing amount of lattice and surface O species. It has been shown that both direct and indirect mechanisms of methanol photocatalytic oxidation participate in the production of hydrogen. Both direct and indirect mechanisms take part in the formation of hydrogen.     

Applicability of energy-positive net-zero water management in Alaska: technology status and case study

Challenges of water and wastewater management in Alaska include the potential need for above-grade and freeze-protected piping, high unit energy costs and, in many rural areas, low population density and median annual income. However, recently developed net-zero water (NZW), i.e., nearly closed-loop, direct potable water reuse systems, can retain the thermal energy in municipal wastewater, producing warm treated potable water without the need for substantial water re-heating, heat pumping or transfer, or additional energy conversion. Consequently, these systems are projected to be capable of saving more energy than they use in water treatment and conveyance, in the temperate USA. In this paper, NZW technology is reviewed in terms of potential applicability in Alaska by performing a hypothetical case study for the city of Fairbanks, Alaska. Results of this paper study indicate that in municipalities of Alaska with local engineering and road access, the use of NZW systems may provide an energy-efficient water service option. In particular, case study modeling suggests hot water energy savings are equivalent to five times the energy used for treatment, much greater savings than in mid-latitudes, due largely to the substantially higher energy needed for heating water from a conventional treatment system and lack of need for freeze-protected piping. Further study of the applicability of NZW technology in cold regions, with expanded evaluation in terms of system-wide lifecycle cost, is recommended.     

绵阳重污染天气机动车限行对空气质量的影响研究

为应对2017年底绵阳出现的一次重污染天气,绵阳政府于2017年12月25日0时至29日12时首次实行了机动车尾号限行措施。利用2017年12月20日至2018年1月2日绵阳4个国控环境质量监测站点的CO、NO_2、SO_2、O_3、PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)的数据分析限行前后的污染物浓度变化特征,并结合气象数据进行污染成因分析。结果表明,大气颗粒物PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)是此次重污染天气的首要污染物,机动车尾号限行措施对PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)有一定的减排效果。机动车尾号限行措施对NO_2、SO_2、O_3具有明显的减排效果,而对CO几乎没有减排效果。限行前和限行期大气颗粒物主要来源于化学转化形成的二次颗粒物,而限行后则转为沙尘、扬尘等一次颗粒物。江油对绵阳大气颗粒物PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)影响很大,气流轨迹出现频率高,大气颗粒物浓度也高,有必要考虑进行区域联防联控。