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71.
Beyond the ecological: biological invasions alter natural selection on a native plant species 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Biological invasions can have strong ecological effects on native communities by altering ecosystem functions, species interactions, and community composition. Even though these ecological effects frequently impact the population dynamics and fitness of native species, the evolutionary consequences of biological invasions have received relatively little attention. Here, I show that invasions impose novel selective pressures on a native plant species. By experimentally manipulating community composition, I found that the exotic plant Medicago polymorpha and the exotic herbivore Hypera brunneipennis alter the strength and, in some instances, the direction of natural selection on the competitive ability and anti-herbivore defenses of the native plant Lotus wrangelianus. Furthermore, the community composition of exotics influenced which traits were favored. For example, high densities of the exotic herbivore Hypera selected for increased resistance to herbivores in the native Lotus; however, when Medicago also was present, selection on this defense was eliminated. In contrast, selection on tolerance, another plant defense trait, was highest when both Hypera and Medicago were present at high densities. Thus, multiple exotic species may interact to influence the evolutionary trajectories of native plant populations, and patterns of selection may change as additional exotic species invade the community. 相似文献
72.
Research shows that relationship conflict has a negative impact on job performance. There is scant theoretical work, however, explaining the interpersonal dynamics that lead to this outcome. A conceptual model is developed that explores how relationship conflict impacts performance through its effects on trust and exchange. We argue that relationship conflict has a detrimental effect on trust motivating coworkers to rely more on calculus‐based trust than on relationship‐based trust. This, in turn, affects the form of exchange coworkers use with one another, leading them to rely on negotiated exchange to the exclusion of reciprocal exchange. This kind of exchange relationship, finally, affects in‐role, extra‐role, and attitudinal outcomes. The literature shows that superordinate goals can mitigate relationship conflict and we use social and self‐categorization theories to explain and explore this effect on both relationship conflict and trust. How trust and exchange might change over time is also explored. Copyright © 2009 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
73.
Jason Lau W.T. Hung C.S. Cheung 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(4):769-777
This study explores the appropriateness of the locality of air monitoring stations which are meant to indicate air quality in the area. Daily variations in NO2 and PM10 concentrations at 14 monitoring stations in Hong Kong are examined. The daily variations in NO2 at a number of background monitoring stations exhibit patterns similar to variations in traffic volume while variations in PM10 concentration exhibit less discernible pattern. Principal component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis (CA) are applied to analyse NO2 and PM10 measurements between January 2001 and December 2005. The results show that NO2 concentrations at background stations within the urban area are highly influenced by vehicle emissions. The effect vehicle emission has on NO2 at stations within new towns is smaller. CA results also show that variations in PM10 concentrations are distinguished by the area the station is located in. PCA results show that there are two principal components (PC's) associated with variations in roadside concentration of PM10. The strong influence of roadside emissions towards concentrations of NO2 and PM10 at a number of urban background stations may be due to their close proximity to busy roadways and the high density of surrounding tall buildings, which creates an enclosure that hinders dispersion of roadside emissions and results in air pollution behaviour that reflects variation in traffic. 相似文献
74.
Xiao-Feng Huang Jian Zhen Yu Zibing Yuan Alexis K.H. Lau Peter K.K. Louie 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》2009,43(6):1196-1203
This study identifies major contributing sources of high particulate matter (PM) days in Hong Kong and conducive meteorological conditions leading to high PM. The PM10 chemical composition of 3393 ambient samples collected at ten monitoring stations in Hong Kong during 1998–2005 were used as input for positive matrix factorization (PMF) modeling to identify and quantify the aerosol sources in Hong Kong. Days with PM10 levels exceeding 56 μg m?3, the average plus one standard deviation of the mass concentration of all samples, are defined as high PM days. A total of 401 samples fell in the high PM category during the study period. Biomass burning, secondary sulfate and secondary nitrate were found to be the major contributors leading to high PM, responsible for 68–73% of PM10 mass on high PM days. The contributions by these sources on high PM days were 140–180% higher than their respective average concentration contributions. These sources were identified to be regional sources on the grounds of little spatial variation in their concentrations among the monitoring stations and a temporal pattern of higher in the winter and lower in the summer. Sampling days of high PM in 2004 and 2005 were individually examined for weather charts and regional surface wind maps. Weak high pressures over mainland China were the most important synoptic event leading to high PM days in the fall and winter, while typhoon episodes were responsible for most summer cases. Approximately 80% of the high PM days were in the fall and winter months (September–February). Almost all the high PM days were associated with northwesterly, northerly or northeasterly regional transport. Anthropogenic primary sources (coal combustion, vehicular exhaust, and residue oil combustion) showed the highest contributions associated with northwesterly wind, indicating the strong influence of the more urbanized areas to the northwest of Hong Kong in the Pearl River Delta region. 相似文献
75.
Wu RS Lau TC Fung WK Ko PH Leung KM 《Environmental pollution (Barking, Essex : 1987)》2007,145(1):104-110
A new chemical sampling device, artificial mussel (AM), has been developed for monitoring metals in marine environments. This device consists of a polymer ligand suspended in artificial seawater within a Perspex tubing, and enclosed with semi-permeable gel at both ends. Laboratory and field experiments were carried out to examine the uptake of five metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn) by the AM. Uptake of metals by AM was proportional to the exposure metal concentrations, and the AM was able to accumulate the ASV labile fractions of metals. Uptake and release of the metals of AM are similar to those of the mussel Perna viridis, but less affected by salinity and temperature. Field studies demonstrated that the AM can not only provide a time-integrated estimate of metals concentrations, but also allows comparisons of metal levels in different environments and geographical areas beyond the natural distribution limits of biomonitors. 相似文献
76.
PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB in Hong Kong air in relation to their regional transport in the Pearl River Delta region 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB were measured in 142 air samples of Hong Kong. The annual average PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB concentrations obtained for Hong Kong air at Tap Mun (PCDD/F: 1724+/-1984; dioxin-like PCB: 1572+/-1170 fg m(-3)), Yuen Long (PCDD/F: 2927+/-2695; dioxin-like PCB: 4331+/-1962 fg m(-3)) and Tsuen Wan (PCDD/F: 1875+/-1502; dioxin-like PCB: 2972+/-1510 fg m(-3)) from January 2004 to March 2005 were comparable to other urban centers around the world and were within the Japanese and USA ambient air quality guidelines. A clear seasonal pattern was observed for PCDD/F, generally with a 50-60 times higher air concentration in winter when background northerly wind was weaker and land-sea breeze prevailed, resulting in regional transport; and a lower concentration in summer, due to the inflow of clean oceanic southeasterly wind from the South China Sea. A higher WHO-TEQ value of dioxin-like PCB (mainly attributed to the relatively higher WHO-TEQ value of PCB 126) in Yuen Long during winter, compared with other months, could also be related to the regional transport by the winter monsoon wind and the low mixing height in winter. Spatially, air concentrations of PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB demonstrated a west-to-east gradient (with Yuen Long>Tsuen Wan>Tap Mun). It is suggested that PCDD/F and dioxin-like PCB were transported into the western airshed of Hong Kong from the Pearl River Delta by land-sea breeze circulation and confined to the northwestern part, due to the blocking effect of the northwestern airshed in Hong Kong. 相似文献
77.
Xuan Huang Jing Zheng Min Chen Yangyu Zhao Chunlei Zhang Lifu Liu Weiwei Xie Shuqiong Shi Yuan Wei Dongzhu Lei Chenming Xu Qichang Wu Xiaoling Guo Xiaomei Shi Yi Zhou Qiufang Liu Ya Gao Fuman Jiang Hongyun Zhang Fengxia Su Huijuan Ge Xuchao Li Xiaoyu Pan Shengpei Chen Fang Chen Qun Fang Hui Jiang Tze Kin Lau Wei Wang 《黑龙江环境通报》2014,34(4):335-340
78.
Hachaichi Amina Kouini Benalia Kian Lau Kia Asim Mohammad Jawaid Mohammad 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2021,29(6):1990-1999
Journal of Polymers and the Environment - The aim of present study is to extract microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) from fruit bunch branches fibers of Algerian date palm trees (phoenix dactylifera... 相似文献
79.
Mohamad Nurzia Mazlan Mazween Mohamad Tawakkal Intan Syafinaz Mohamed Amin Talib Rosnita A. Kian Lau Kia Jawaid Mohammad 《Journal of Polymers and the Environment》2022,30(2):585-596
Journal of Polymers and the Environment - The development of active packaging for food applications have been increasingly favorable in publicity, industry, and research field, by attributing to... 相似文献
80.
Heidelore Fiedler Gerd Rippen Susanne Sievers Peter Friesel Birgit Gras Christoph Lau Thomas Reich Uwe Schacht Roland Schwörer Hansjörg F. Wesp Otto Hutzinger Fritz Vahrenholt 《Environmental Sciences Europe》1997,9(3):131-135
The sources and reservoirs of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/PCDF) in the city of Hamburg, Germany, in the year 1992 were identified and quantified combining analytical data of PCDD/PCDF with statistical data on annual fluxes of materials and products. Fluxes and amounts of PCDD/PCDF were estimated for the environmental compartments water, air, and soil. Dioxin emissions originating from industrial, commercial or private activities were also calculated. Together with the analysis of the specific regional nutrition data, the human exposurevia the various pathways could be determined. It could be shown that the total PCDD/PCDF intake of individuals in Hamburg was about the same as the national average. High annual fluxes of PCDD/PCDF connected with the trade of industrial products and the waste management and disposal: system in Hamburg obviously had no influence on the human intake of PCDD/PCDF. 相似文献