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701.
Effects of alkaline dust deposits from phosphate fertilizer production on microbial biomass and enzyme activities in grassland soils 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Microbial biomass carbon (Cmic) and soil enzyme activities were measured at 12 sites along a gradient of former emissions of phosphate fertilizer production. Seven years after close down of operation, still moderate to high total concentrations of the dust constituents cadmium (up to 33 mg kg-1 dw), fluoride (5300 mg kg-1 dw) and phosphorous (120,000 mg kg-1 dw) were found in topsoils of contaminated sites. Accumulation of partially decomposed plant matter, soil respiration and dehydrogenase activity paralleled the increase of dust deposits, whereas microbial biomass decreased along the gradient. A significant negative correlation was obtained between the Cmic-to-Corg-ratio and the concentration of contaminants. In contrast, the Cmic-specific respiration (qCO2) and the dehydrogenase activity-to-Cmic-ratio were positively correlated. The low Cmic-values and the enhanced activities in the contaminated soils are suggested as a response of microbial communities to environmental stress or ecosystem disturbances. The apparently missing detrimental effects of the alkaline deposits on soil microbial activities are probably due to the low bioavailability of contaminants in the calcareous soil. 相似文献
702.
Chelelgo J Haverinen U Vahteristo M Koivisto J Husman T Nevalainen A Jääskeläinen E 《Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association (1995)》2001,51(1):69-77
A grading system was developed to rate the moisture damage profile of dwellings and to study the relationship between moisture-induced indoor air problems and occupant health. A total of 630 randomly selected houses and apartments, built between 1950 and 1989, were visually inspected. Moisture observations were standardized into three damage levels. Thus, a system to classify the homes into three grades was devised. The two grades of homes associated with the highest levels of damage were graded as index homes. Overall, 51% of the sample had some kind of moisture fault in them and one in every three homes (33%) was classified as an index home. The mean number of damage incidents in the index dwellings varied from 1.4 to 2.6. The mean number of damage incidents in the reference homes was 0.28. Prevalence of index dwellings was significantly higher (p < 0.01) in houses (38%) than in apartments (26%). There was no major difference in the prevalence of index buildings in houses built in any particular decade (30-35%). Moisture was observed in 28% of bathrooms, in 10% of kitchens, and in 17% of other spaces. Indoor relative humidity (RH) levels were low in most homes. 相似文献
703.
Singh RP Tripathi RD Dabas S Rizvi SM Ali MB Sinha SK Gupta DK Mishra S Rai UN 《Chemosphere》2003,52(7):1245-1250
The inhibition of seedling growth and nitrate reductase activity in 5 d old Vigna radiata (L.) Wilczek cv. Pusa Baisakhi in the presence of 1.0 mM lead acetate increased drastically, if NaCl (6 and 12 EC) was also present in the nutrient media along with the metal salt. Correspondingly higher endogenous Na+ levels were accumulated in the roots and leaves of seedlings in presence of the two stresses. On the other hand, the levels of endogenous lead get reduced in presence of NaCl in both the roots and leaves. Roots accumulated more Pb2+ and Na+ than the leaves. The two stresses affect more drastically in the additive or even synergistic manner during the early growth phase of the seedlings. 相似文献
704.
S. Christensen P. Ambus J.R.M. Arah H. Clayton B. Galle D.W.T. Griffith K.J. Hargreaves L. Klenzedtsson A.-M. Lind M. Maag A. Scott U. Skiba K.A. Smith M. Welling F.G. Wienhold 《Atmospheric environment (Oxford, England : 1994)》1996,30(24):4183-4190
The soil in a drained fjord area, reclaimed for arable farming, produced N2O mainly at 75–105 cm depth, just above the ground water level. Surface emissions of N2O were measured from discrete small areas by closed and open-flow chamber methods, using gas chromatographic analysis and over larger areas by integrative methods: flux gradient (analysis by FTIR), conditional sampling (analysis by TDLAS), and eddy covariance (analysis by TDLAS). The mean emission of N2O as determined by chamber procedures during a 9-day campaign was 162–202 μg N2ONm−2h−1 from a wheat stubble and 328–467 μg N2ONm−2 h−1 from a carrot field. The integrative approaches gave N2O emissions of 149–495 μg N2ONm−2 h−1, i.e. a range similar to those determined with the chamber methods. Wind direction affected the comparison of chamber and integrative methods because of patchiness of the N2O emission over the area. When a uniform area with a single type of vegetation had a dominant effect on the N2O gradient at the sampling mast, the temporal variation in N2O emission determined by the flux gradient/FTIR method and chamber methods was very similar, with differences of only 18% or less in mean N2O emission, well below the variation encountered with the chamber methods themselves. A detailed comparison of FTIR gradient and chamber data taking into account the precise emission footprint showed good agreement. It is concluded that there was no bias between the different approaches used to measure the N2O emission and that the precision of the measurements was determined by the spatial variability of the N2O emission at the site and the variability inherent in the individual techniques. These results confirm that measurements of N2O emissions from different ecosystems obtained by the different methods can be meaningfully compared. 相似文献
705.
Norway spruce saplings (Picea abies L. Karst.) were exposed for five years to controlled concentrations of ozone and/or sulphur dioxide in open-top chambers. The monoterpenes of needles, twigs (bark and wood), bark and buds harvested from these trees were qualitatively and quantitatively analysed by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Different tissues and plant parts, showed notable differences in their percentage distribution. However, comparison of the monoterpene patterns of corresponding plant material obtained from trees which had been exposed to different fumigation regimes showed no significant effects of these pollutants. 相似文献
706.
A method is presented for the determination of PCBs in chlorinated rubber antifoulings. In ten different brands, no PCB concentrations above 0.5 mg kg?1 were found. 相似文献
707.
708.
Sebastian U. Senger und Dietrich J. G. Werner 《Umweltwissenschaften und Schadstoff-Forschung》1999,11(5):253-259
Zusammenfassung Eine Zusammenstellung der Ozon-Me?werte der Luftme?stationnetze in Hessen und NRW ergab für die Jahresmittelwerte von 1990–1998
im Durchschnitt eine schwache Abnahme der Ozonkonzentrationen. Dabei lagen die Jahresmittelwerte der Ozonkonzentrationen über
Waldstationen doppelt so hoch wie über Stadtstationen. Die Ozonkonzentrationen verhalten sich im regionalen Vergleich umgekehrt
proportional zur Verkehrsdichte. In der Zahl der überschreitungen der gesetzlich festgelegten Grenzwerte von ≥180 μg Ozon/m3 pro Jahr lagen die Waldstationen mit dem 2–3 fachen Wert über den Stadtstationen. Lediglich die j?hrlichen Maximalwerte der
stündlich gemessenen Ozonwerte n?hern sich einander.
Die hohen Ozonwerte über den Waldstationen stehen im Zusammenhang mit den niedrigen Konzentrationen von NOx. Nachts reduziert
sich das Ozon über den Waldstationen durch Rückreaktion mit vergleichsweise geringen Konzentrationen von NO nur bis ca. 50%,
w?hrend der Ozongehalt über Stadtstationen bis nahe Null absinkt. Dieser Vorgang über den Stadtstationen wird auch durch Photolyse
des in hohen Konzentrationen vorliegenden NO2 und die dadurch erfolgende erh?hte Bildung von Ozon w?hrend des Tages nicht wieder kompensiert.
Für die hier dargestellten Ergebnisse gibt es prinzipiell keine Unterschiede zwischen den Ozonverh?ltnissen in Hessen und
NRW.
相似文献
709.
A kinetic model for the decolorization of C.I. Reactive Black 5 by the combination of hydrogen peroxide and UV radiation was developed based on experimental results and known chemical and photochemical reactions. The observed kinetic reaction coefficient was determined and correlated as a function of hydrogen peroxide concentration and UV intensity. The validity of the rate expression was tested experimentally in a parameterization study. The decolorization rate follows pseudo-first order kinetics with respect to dye concentration. The rate increases linearly with UV intensity and nonlinearly with increasing hydrogen peroxide concentration, going from a linear relationship at low H(2)O(2) concentrations to a maximum as hydrogen peroxide concentration continues to increase. The decolorization rate expression derived from the proposed reaction mechanism was reconciled with that used for correlating the experimental data. 相似文献
710.
In Sweden fatty fish from the Baltic Sea (at the Swedish east coast) constitute the main exposure route for persistent organochlorine compounds (POC). The present study assessed reproductive outcomes among fishermen's sisters from the Swedish east coast, who were shown to had had a relatively high consumption of contaminated fish in early life. For relevant comparison, we used a similar cohort from the Swedish west coast, where the contamination of fish is considerable less. The east coast cohort women had an increased risk of having an infant with low birth weight (LBW; <2500 g) as compared with the west coast cohort women (odds ratio (OR) 1.6. 95% confidence interval 1.1-2.3). The results strengthen the hypothesized association between exposure to POC during childhood and adolescence and an increased risk for LBW. 相似文献