Biomonitoring zur wirkungsbezogenen Ermittlung der Schadstoffbelastung in terrestrischen Ökosystemen

Biomonitoring programmes provide relevant information, which may supplement ambient air pollution monitoring or modelling around emission sources. As a prerequisite, assessment scales for biomonitoring data have to be derived based on an objective evaluation of available data, as well as on a scheme of presentation, which is suggestive and easily understandable even for laymen. Based on an evaluation of numerous monitoring programmes, assessment scales for biomonitoring results are derived for plant biomonitoring, which also serve as a basis for the graphical presentation of monitoring results. This study is focussed on bioindicator plants like mosses (passive biomonitoring) and exposed lichens (active biomonitoring), in which 14 metal elements are investigated. As an example, data from a local biomonitoring network around a cement plant were used to demonstrate the use of the assessment scales derived and the presentation scheme developed. Data sets from about 15 moss and 24 lichen biomonitoring programmes, comprising more than 1000 specimens, were sorted by their pollutant characteristics in order to form the database. Data on the metal contents of species demonstrating similar values with respect to growth characteristics and habit, and representing background or low pollution levels, are aggregated and their statistical distributions are evaluated. Spacing of the assessment scales and their colour designations are derived from the 50-, 75-, 90- and 95-percentile values. Graphical presentation allows a comparison of the absolute values of metal contents and a relative association of measured values. Exemplary results from moss and lichen monitoring around a cement plant are generally below or slightly above the median values at background and low-pollution sites. Metal contents are higher in lichens compared to mosses for 7 elements (Cd, Cu, Hg, Pb, Sb, Sn, Zn), and are lower in lichens only for thallium. The assessment scheme presented is mainly aimed at the practitioner in the field of biomonitoring in order to provide a reliable and sound scale of assessment by comparison on an absolute scale rather than presenting the basis of ecological risk assessment. Differences in metal content of co-located samples of various moss species and possible correction procedures are briefly discussed- as well as the consequences of pooling monitoring data across various moss species for the quality of assessment scales. Further evaluations shall focus on species-specific rather than on pooled databases and will investigate the consequences of the use of correction factors when extrapolating metal data from one monitoring species to another.     

Urban heat island (UHI) influence on secondary pollutant formation in a tropical humid environment

The combined action of urbanization (change in land use) and increase in vehicular emissions intensifies the urban heat island (UHI) effect in many cities in the developed countries. The urban warming (UHI) enhances heat-stress-related diseases and ozone (O₃) levels due to a photochemical reaction. Even though UHI intensity depends on wind speed, wind direction, and solar flux, the thermodynamic properties of surface materials can accelerate the temperature profiles at the local scale. This mechanism modifies the atmospheric boundary layer (ABL) structure and mixing height in urban regions. These changes further deteriorate the local air quality. In this work, an attempt has been made to understand the interrelationship between air pollution and UHI intensity at selected urban areas located at tropical environment. The characteristics of ambient temperature profiles associated with land use changes in the different microenvironments of Chennai city were simulated using the Envi-Met model. The simulated surface 24-hr average air temperatures (11 m above the ground) for urban background and commercial and residential sites were found to be 30.81 ± 2.06, 31.51 ± 1.87, and 31.33 ± 2.1ºC, respectively. The diurnal variation of UHI intensity was determined by comparing the daytime average air temperatures to the diurnal air temperature for different wind velocity conditions. From the model simulations, we found that wind speed of 0.2 to 5 m/sec aggravates the UHI intensity. Further, the diurnal variation of mixing height was also estimated at the study locations. The estimated lowest mixing height at the residential area was found to be 60 m in the middle of night. During the same period, highest ozone (O₃) concentrations were also recorded at the continuous ambient air quality monitoring station (CAAQMS) located at the residential area.

Implications: An attempt has made to study the diurnal variation of secondary pollution levels in different study regions. This paper focuses mainly on the UHI intensity variations with respect to percentage of land use pattern change in Chennai city, India. The study simulated the area-based land use pattern with local mixing height variations. The relationship between UHI intensity and mixing height provides variations on local air quality.     

Klima?nderungen: M?gliche Ursachen in Vergangenheit und Zukunft

In this overview two definitions of climate are presented, from the meteorological point of view and from the climate system’s point of view. The origin of climate change is discussed, i.e., externally forced variability and free, or internal variability that is caused without external trigger by internal instabilities of the system. Both, forced and free variability can appear as periodic, randomly quasi-periodic, and abrupt climate change. Finally, various possibilities of climate forecast are considered.

---

Klima?nderungen: M?gliche Ursachen in Vergangenheit und Zukunft

Zusammenfassung  In diesem übersichtsartikel werden zwei Klimadefinitionen, die meteorologische und die systemanalytische, vorgestellt. Verschiedene Ursachen für Klima?nderungen werden vergleichend diskutiert: die extern angetriebene Klimavariabilit?t und die ohne ?u?eren Ansto?, aufgrund von internen Instabilit?ten im System ausgel?ste, freie oder interne Klimavariabilit?t. Sowohl die angetriebene als auch die freie Klimavariabilit?t kann sich durch periodische, zuf?llig periodische und abrupte Klima?nderungen bemerkbar machen. Abschlie?end werden die verschiedenen M?glichkeiten der Klimavorhersage betrachtet.

Professor Dr. Martin Claussen ist amtierender Direktor des Potsdam-Instituts für Klimafolgenforschung und Vorsitzender der Deutschen Meteorologischen Gesellschaft (Amtsperiode 2003–2005). Sein aktuelles Forschungsgebiet umfasst die Klimasystemmodellierung einschlie?lich der Pal?oklimamodellierung, wobei die Wechselwirkung zwischen dem physikalischen Klimasystem und der Biosph?re im Vordergrund der Forschung steht. Professor Claussen ist ausgebildeter Meteorologe und lehrt zurzeit Klimaphysik an der Universit?t Potsdam.     

Handling the phosphorus paradox in agriculture and natural ecosystems: Scarcity,necessity, and burden of P

This special issue of Ambio compiles a series of contributions made at the 8th International Phosphorus Workshop (IPW8), held in September 2016 in Rostock, Germany. The introducing overview article summarizes major published scientific findings in the time period from IPW7 (2015) until recently, including presentations from IPW8. The P issue was subdivided into four themes along the logical sequence of P utilization in production, environmental, and societal systems: (1) Sufficiency and efficiency of P utilization, especially in animal husbandry and crop production; (2) P recycling: technologies and product applications; (3) P fluxes and cycling in the environment; and (4) P governance. The latter two themes had separate sessions for the first time in the International Phosphorus Workshops series; thus, this overview presents a scene-setting rather than an overview of the latest research for these themes. In summary, this paper details new findings in agricultural and environmental P research, which indicate reduced P inputs, improved management options, and provide translations into governance options for a more sustainable P use.     

First evidence of unicellular glands in the general epidermis of terrestrial reptiles

The general integument of reptiles is traditionally defined as being dry, but we report here the discovery of unicellular mucoid glands (UCMG) in the dorsal skin of lizards of the genus Phelsuma (Gekkonidae). To this end, the skin of these lizards and of some others for comparison was studied by scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy. These photographs showed that the development and function of the UCMGs are related to the skin's sloughing cycle. The UCMGs differentiate at scattered locations from Oberh?utchen cells of the inner (new) epidermal generation, above the differentiating beta-keratin layer. While the inner generation matures, the UCMG increases in size; unlike the surrounding Oberh?utchen cells, it does not develop the spinules that characterize gecko skin. When, upon sloughing, the inner generation becomes the new outer generation, and the Oberh?utchen forms the skin surface, the UCMGs, several per scale, dot the surface as mucus-inflated "blebs" projecting from the surrounding spinulate Oberh?utchen, each nesting in a shallow pit of the underlying beta-keratin. On the surface, the UCMGs rupture and the mucus appears to dissipate in cords, flowing over the tips of the spinules, and incorporating minute foreign bodies. It is concluded that, due to the low wettability of the spinulate surface (derived from the spacing of the spinules), the cords brush off easily, with the mucus functioning as a cleaning agent.