缓解西北地区缺水问题的新途径

根据虚拟水与水足迹的理论与计算方法,对我国西北和中部地区虚拟水含量进行研究。首先计算2000年江西省主要农产品虚拟水含量和城乡居民生活消费虚拟水含量,得出粮食作物的虚拟水含量为28481×108 m3;城镇居民人均消费主要产品的虚拟水量为76827 m3;农村居民人均消费主要产品的虚拟水含量为67017 m3。然后在前人计算结果的基础上,将江西省与陕西省的城乡居民生活消费虚拟水含量进行比较分析,发现城镇居民人均消费粮食虚拟水含量都低于农村居民,陕西省居民人均消费虚拟水含量中粮食虚拟水含量比重大于江西省居民。通过进一步研究居民的消费结构,得出调整区域生产与消费结构,增加虚拟水贸易,是缓解我国西北地区水资源短缺与社会经济发展矛盾的新途径的结论,并指出调整农村消费结构的关键是提高农业生产的机械化。〖     

P&T-GC-MS法测定水中54种挥发性有机物

建立了同时测定水中54种挥发性有机物(VOCs)的吹扫捕集-气相色谱-质谱联用法,并对吹扫捕集条件进行了优化。优化后的方法,54种VOCs在0.50~40.00μg/L质量浓度范围内线性良好,相关系数R2均0.995 6,检出限为0.021~0.105μg/L,加标回收率为76.4%~110.8%,相对标准偏差为2.33%~15.8%。该法操作简单,消耗费用低,分析速度快,具有良好的灵敏度、回收率和重现性,能够满足生活饮用水中54种VOCs的同时测定。     

旋流萃取分离技术处理石化电脱盐废水

采用旋流萃取分离技术处理某炼油厂常减压装置电脱盐废水(初始废水含油量约为5 000 mg/L),优化了废水除油的工艺条件。试验结果表明,废水除油的最佳工艺条件为:旋流萃取分离机中心转子的转速960 r/min、废水流量2 000 L/h、废水温度80℃。废水经旋流萃取分离后,废水的含油量小于200 mg/L,废水除油效果较好;分离后油相的含水量约为0.1%(w),盐质量浓度小于20 mg/L,可回注到常减压装置原料罐循环利用。对于2 Mt/a的常减压装置,采用旋流萃取分离技术后,每年可减少支出100.4万元。     

Correlates of bushmeat in markets and depletion of wildlife

We used data on number of carcasses of wildlife species sold in 79 bushmeat markets in a region of Nigeria and Cameroon to assess whether species composition of a market could be explained by anthropogenic pressures and environmental variables around each market. More than 45 mammal species from 9 orders were traded across all markets; mostly ungulates and rodents. For each market, we determined median body mass, species diversity (game diversity), and taxa that were principal contributors to the total number of carcasses for sale (game dominance). Human population density in surrounding areas was significantly and negatively related to the percentage ungulates and primates sold in markets and significantly and positively related to the proportion of rodents. The proportion of carnivores sold was higher in markets with high human population densities. Proportion of small‐bodied mammals (<1 kg) sold in markets increased as human population density increased, but proportion of large‐bodied mammals (>10 kg) decreased as human population density increased. We calculated an index of game depletion (GDI) for each market from the sum of the total number of carcasses traded per annum and species, weighted by the intrinsic rate of natural increase (r_max) of each species, divided by individuals traded in a market. The GDI of a market increased as the proportion of fast‐reproducing species (highest r_max) increased and as the representation of species with lowest r_max (slow‐reproducing) decreased. The best explanatory factor for a market's GDI was anthropogenic pressure—road density, human settlements with >3000 inhabitants, and nonforest vegetation. High and low GDI were significantly differentiated by human density and human settlements with >3000 inhabitants. Our results provided empirical evidence that human activity is correlated with more depleted bushmeat faunas and can be used as a proxy to determine areas in need of conservation action.     

Fluorescence behaviour of Zn and Ni complexes of humic acids from different sources

Conventional fluorescence spectroscopy in the excitation, emission and synchronous scan modes and three-dimensional fluorescence spectroscopy in the form of an excitation-emission matrix (EEM) of fluorescence intensity as a function of excitation and emission wavelengths have been applied to the study of three humic acids (HAs) extracted from soil (SHA), peat (PHA) and compost (CHA) and their interaction products with Zn(II) and Ni(II) ions. Fluorescence spectra of HAs appear to be related to the nature and origin of the sample. A strong reduction of intensity of all peaks is observed in the spectra of HAs-metal complexes as compared to those of untreated HAs. Ni(II) exhibits greater quenching ability than Zn(II). Fluorescence quenching measured for complexes of HAs at increasing Ni(II) concentrations was linearly correlated with metal ion concentration. The different capacity to interact with metal ions showed by various HAs is attributed to their different molecular complexity.     

The interaction between environmental pollution and cultural heritage: from outdoor to indoor “MetroArcheo2020”

Environmental Science and Pollution Research -     

Geographical and temporal variability in pigeon homing

Summary Young homing pigeons from the same German stocks were housed in two lofts, one in southern Germany, near Munich, and one in Italy, near Pisa. In the course of 1 year, two synchronized releases at sites 22–25 km NNW and SSE from each of the lofts were conducted every month. The pigeons that returned were released a second time at a site about 75 km east of home.Both initial homeward orientation and homing success were considerably better in Italy than in Germany. Annual cycles, with maxima in summer and minima in winter, were observed in both countries. They were most pronounced in initial orientation in Italy and in homing performance in Germany. Correlations between homing parameters and ambient temperature correspond to the annual cycles, but they do not indicate that the geographical and seasonal differences in homing behaviour are directly caused by actual temperature at the time of release.Our findings (together with earlier ones) suggest that environmental conditions may be variably conducive to the homeward orientation of pigeons according to spatial and temporal variations in the climate.     

不同海拔珠芽蓼抗氧化系统的研究

对生长在青藏高原不同海拔地区的多年生高山植物珠芽蓼(Polygonum viviparum L.)的抗氧化系统进行了测试，以探讨高山植物对于高寒环境的适应机理。结果表明：随着海拔的升高，叶绿素a(chla)、叶绿素b(chlb)含量明显下降，chla／chlb增大，珠芽蓼叶和根细胞的膜脂过氧化均加剧，丙二醛(MDA)含量明显增加。3种抗氧化酶的活性受到明显影响，其中叶片中过氧化物酶(POD)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性，随海拔升高而活性降低，而均与根中的变化趋势相反，过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性随海拔升高呈增强的趋势，且叶片中活性较根中变化明显，抗坏血酸(AsA)随海拔的升高，含量呈明显增加，膜脂过氧化与抗氧化物酶的变化具有不一致性，这可能表明两种抗氧化系统之间存在一定的协同作用，特别是高含量的抗坏血酸，可能在高山植物适应高寒环境的胁迫方面具有更加重要的作用。图5表1参22。     

The importance of Indigenous Peoples’ lands for the conservation of terrestrial mammals

Indigenous Peoples’ lands cover over one-quarter of Earth's surface, a significant proportion of which is still free from industrial-level human impacts. As a result, Indigenous Peoples and their lands are crucial for the long-term persistence of Earth's biodiversity and ecosystem services. Yet, information on species composition on these lands globally remains largely unknown. We conducted the first comprehensive analysis of terrestrial mammal composition across mapped Indigenous lands based on data on area of habitat (AOH) for 4460 mammal species assessed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature. We overlaid each species’ AOH on a current map of Indigenous lands and found that 2695 species (60% of assessed mammals) had ≥10% of their ranges on Indigenous Peoples’ lands and 1009 species (23%) had >50% of their ranges on these lands. For threatened species, 473 (47%) occurred on Indigenous lands with 26% having >50% of their habitat on these lands. We also found that 935 mammal species (131 categorized as threatened) had ≥ 10% of their range on Indigenous Peoples’ lands that had low human pressure. Our results show how important Indigenous Peoples’ lands are to the successful implementation of conservation and sustainable development agendas worldwide.